{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:48:11Z","timestamp":1774464491330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Peptides"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T08:00:46Z","timestamp":1362729646000},"page":"167-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["[D-Leu-4]-OB3, an orally bioavailable leptin-related synthetic peptide insulin sensitizer: A study comparing the efficacies of [D-Leu-4]-OB3 and metformin on energy balance and glycemic regulation in insulin-deficient male Swiss Webster mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Zachary M.","family":"Novakovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Leinung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.06.009","article-title":"Direct evidence for leptin-induced lipid oxidation independent of long-form leptin receptor","volume":"1801","author":"Akasaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.02.007","article-title":"The anorexigenic effects of metformin involve increases in hypothalamic leptin receptor expression","volume":"60","author":"Aubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340906","article-title":"Metformin","volume":"334","author":"Baily","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E182","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00272.2005","article-title":"Metformin counters the insulin-induced suppression of fatty acid oxidation and stimualtion of triacylglycerol storage in rodent skeletal muscle","volume":"29","author":"Collier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-50","article-title":"Leptin receptors","volume":"15","author":"Gorska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_oref0030a","unstructured":"Grasso P, Lee DW, Leinung MC. Leptin-related peptides. US7777388 (2004)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_oref0030b","unstructured":"Grasso P, Lee DW, Leinung MC. Leptin-related peptides. US7186694 (2007)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_oref0030c","unstructured":"Grasso P, Lee DW, Leinung MC. Leptin-related peptides. US7208742 (2007)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_oref0030d","unstructured":"Grasso P, Lee DW, Leinung MC. Leptin-related peptides. US7290638 (2010)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(01)00274-9","article-title":"[D-Leu-4]-OB3, a synthetic leptin agonist, improves hyperglycemic control in C57BL\/6J ob\/ob mice","volume":"101","author":"Grasso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.11.2204","article-title":"Effects of leptin-related synthetic peptide 116-130 on food intake and body weight gain in female C57BL\/6J ob\/ob mice may not be mediated by peptide activation of the long isoform of the leptin receptor","volume":"48","author":"Grasso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041315.x","article-title":"Leptin stimulates type I collagen production in db\/db mesangial cells: glucose uptake and TGF-\u03b2 type II receptor expression","volume":"59","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02974-8","article-title":"Leptin regulates interleukin-1\u03b2 expression in the brain via the STAT3-independent mechanisms","volume":"949","author":"Hosoi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2063","article-title":"Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Hundal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0336","article-title":"Metformin treatment to prevent early puberty in girls with precocious pubarche","volume":"91","author":"Ibanez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0381","article-title":"Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor SHP","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-0917","article-title":"Metformin restores leptin sensitivity in high-fat-fed obese rats with leptin resistance","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821187","article-title":"Metformin ameliorates treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with mental retardation: its effect on eating behavior and serum leptin levels","volume":"112","author":"Komori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565030-00005","article-title":"Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"65","author":"Krentz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2012.08.006","article-title":"[D-Leu-4]-OB3, a synthetic peptide amide with leptin-like activity, augments the effects of orally delivered exenatide and pramlinitde acetate on energy balance and glycemic control in insulin-resistant male C57BLK\/6-m db\/db mice","volume":"179","author":"Leinung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.3.4.529","article-title":"Intravail\u00ae, highly effective intranasal delivery of peptide and protein drugs","volume":"3","author":"Maggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06042-1","article-title":"Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"358","author":"Marchesini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01189.x","article-title":"Oral delivery of mouse [D-Leu-4]-OB3, a synthetic peptide amide with leptin-like activity, in male C57BL\/6J wild-type and ob\/ob mice: effects on energy balance, glycaemic control and serum osteocalcin levels","volume":"12","author":"Novakovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00304.x","article-title":"Effect of metformin on food intake in obese subjects","volume":"28","author":"Paolisso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0110","first-page":"671","article-title":"Drug treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Radosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)00669-X","article-title":"Anorexic effect of metformin in obese Zucker rats: lack of evidence for the involvement of neuropeptide Y","volume":"273","author":"Rouru","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.7.7556","article-title":"Design of a synthetic leptin agonist: effects on energy balance, glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation","volume":"141","author":"Rozhavskaya-Arena","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01243.x","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of mouse [D-Leu-4]-OB3, a synthetic peptide amide with leptin-like activity, improves energy balance, glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity and bone formation in leptin-resistant C57BLK\/6-m db\/db mice","volume":"12","author":"Waldrop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"}],"container-title":["Peptides"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196978113000764?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196978113000764?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T11:32:19Z","timestamp":1595503939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196978113000764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0196978113000764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-9781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-9781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}}}