{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:09:51Z","timestamp":1790017791674,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Peptides"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T22:07:19Z","timestamp":1694642839000},"page":"171096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An update on galanin and spexin and their potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finbarr P.M.","family":"O\u2019Harte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4855-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90742-4","article-title":"Galanin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release by a mechanism involving hyperpolarization and lowering of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration","volume":"140","author":"Ahr\u00e9n","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab034","article-title":"Novel noninvasive approaches to the treatment of obesity: from pharmacotherapy to gene therapy","volume":"43","author":"Angelidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.05.181","article-title":"Activation of galanin receptor 1 inhibits locus coeruleus neurons via GIRK channels","volume":"503","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib4","first-page":"356","article-title":"Plasma leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin concentrations in bulimia nervosa and in anorexia nervosa","volume":"22","author":"Baranowska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01662.x","article-title":"Galanin receptor 3\u2013a potential target for acute pancreatitis therapy","volume":"23","author":"Barreto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11287","article-title":"Galanin-receptor ligand M40 peptide distinguishes between putative galanin-receptor subtypes","volume":"90","author":"Bartfai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403802101","article-title":"Galmic, a nonpeptide galanin receptor agonist, affects behaviors in seizure, pain, and forced-swim tests","volume":"101","author":"Bartfai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(95)90015-2","article-title":"Metabolism of galanin and galanin (1\u201316) in isolated cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord membranes from rat","volume":"29","author":"Bedecs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.602070","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of galanin in the physiological and inflammatory states in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Brzozowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134315","article-title":"Tirzepatide, a new era of dual-targeted treatment for diabetes and obesity: a mini-review","volume":"27","author":"Chavda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00071","article-title":"Spexin and a novel cichlid-specific spexin paralog both inhibit FSH and LH through a specific galanin receptor (Galr2b) in tilapia","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-02010-x","article-title":"Circulating spexin levels are influenced by the glycemic status and correlated with pancreatic \u03b2-cell function in Chinese subjects","volume":"60","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.52142\/omujecm.39.3.56","article-title":"Structure and functions of spexin as a new neuroendocrine signal","volume":"39","author":"Darakci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.9.1157","article-title":"Galanin\u2014sympathetic neurotransmitter in endocrine pancreas","volume":"37","author":"Dunning","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.11.033","article-title":"Galanin signaling in the brain regulates color pattern formation in zebrafish","volume":"30","author":"Eskova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113958","article-title":"Exercise training rescues adipose tissue spexin expression and secretion in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"256","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.08.036","article-title":"Central galanin receptor 2 mediates galanin action to promote systemic glucose metabolism of type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"156","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111571","article-title":"Emerging roles of kisspeptin\/galanin in age-related metabolic disease","volume":"199","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100801","article-title":"Galanin peptide family regulation of glucose metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2012.07.029","article-title":"Galanin peptide family as a modulating target for contribution to metabolic syndrome","volume":"179","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.11.018","article-title":"Activated galanin receptor 2 attenuates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese mice","volume":"99","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(97)00210-6","article-title":"Cloning, pharmacological characterization and distribution of a novel galanin receptor","volume":"51","author":"Fathi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol.\u00a0Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6275","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Galicia-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00143","article-title":"Role of melatonin, Galanin, and RFamide neuropeptides QRFP26 and QRFP43 in the neuroendocrine control of pancreatic \u03b2-cell function","volume":"8","author":"Gesmundo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.36347\/sasjm.2021.v07i01.005","article-title":"Spexin in metabolic syndrome-an overview","volume":"7","author":"Gowdu","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAS J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90797-T","article-title":"Galanin-induced inhibition of insulin secretion from rat islets: effects of rat and pig galanin and galanin fragments and analogues","volume":"203","author":"Gregersen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.31781","article-title":"Spexin alleviates insulin resistance and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis via the FoxO1\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway in high-fat-diet-induced rats and insulin resistant cells","volume":"15","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086497","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1086497","article-title":"Serum spexin differed in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients according to body mass index and increased with the improvement of metabolic status","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01336-z","article-title":"Activation of central galanin receptor 2 mitigated insulin resistance in adipocytes of diabetic rats","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.05.011","article-title":"Galanin antagonist increases insulin resistance by reducing glucose transporter 4 effect in adipocytes of rats","volume":"173","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4711-2","article-title":"Global trends in diabetes complications: a review of current evidence","volume":"62","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.01.001","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Hazlehurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib33","series-title":"Toward novel therapeutics for functional constipation: from traditional Chinese medicine herbal formula MaZiRenWan to cyclic spexin analogues. Doctoral dissertation","author":"Huang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99350","article-title":"Neuronal hypothalamic regulation of body metabolism and bone density is galanin dependent","volume":"128","author":"Idelevich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.4.5629","article-title":"Galanin is released by adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas in vivo and in vitro.","volume":"84","author":"Invitti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121465119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121465119","article-title":"Structural insights into galanin receptor signaling","volume":"119","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28200","article-title":"Anti-obesity effect of intranasal administration of galanin-like peptide (GALP) in obese mice","volume":"6","author":"Kageyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib38","series-title":"Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2106","article-title":"Coevolution of the spexin\/galanin\/kisspeptin family: spexin activates galanin receptor type II and III","volume":"155","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib40","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Spexin: a novel regulator of adipogenesis and fat tissue metabolism","volume":"1863","author":"Kolodziejski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111420","article-title":"Day spexin treatment of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increases insulin sensitivity, improves liver functions and metabolic status","volume":"536","author":"Kolodziejski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90775-Q","article-title":"Hypothalamic degradation of galanin (1\u201329) and galanin (1\u201316): identification and characterization of the peptidolytic products","volume":"558","author":"Land","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.006536","article-title":"Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity","volume":"67","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.05.009","article-title":"The galanin peptide family: receptor pharmacology, pleiotropic biological actions, and implications in health and disease","volume":"115","author":"Lang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.06.001","article-title":"Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a hypothalamic regulator of energy homeostasis and reproduction","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib46","article-title":"Exploring the molecular structures that confer ligand selectivity for galanin type II and III receptors","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-004-1717-z","article-title":"A galanin receptor subtype 1 specific agonist","volume":"11","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00457","article-title":"Emerging roles of NPQ\/spexin in physiology and pathology","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2018.01.015","article-title":"Spexin as a neuroendocrine signal with emerging functions","volume":"265","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib50","first-page":"560","article-title":"Dual role of insulin in spexin regulation: functional link between food intake and spexin expression in a fish model","volume":"158","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052544","article-title":"Neuropeptidergic control of feeding: focus on the galanin family of peptides","volume":"22","author":"Marcos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00438-1","article-title":"Functions of galanin, spexin and kisspeptin in metabolism, mood and behaviour","volume":"17","author":"Mills","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5755407","article-title":"Identification of novel peptide hormones in the human proteome by hidden Markov model screening","volume":"17","author":"Mirabeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882772","article-title":"Spexin and galanin in metabolic functions and social behaviors with a focus on non-mammalian vertebrates","volume":"13","author":"Mohd Zahir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200620080-00003","article-title":"Galanin receptor antagonists","volume":"20","author":"\u00d6gren","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37041","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.52.37041","article-title":"Isolation and cDNA cloning of a novel galanin-like peptide (GALP) from porcine hypothalamus","volume":"274","author":"Ohtaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2020.113615","article-title":"Short-term administration of spexin in rats reduces obesity by affecting lipolysis and lipogenesis: an in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"299","author":"Pruszynska-Oszmalek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.12.150","article-title":"Effects of galnon, a non-peptide galanin-receptor agonist, on insulin release from rat pancreatic islets","volume":"328","author":"Quynh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21453","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21453","article-title":"Development of spexin-based human galanin receptor type II-specific agonists with increased stability in serum and anxiolytic effect in mice","volume":"6","author":"Reyes-Alcaraz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib60","first-page":"327","article-title":"Galanin\/GALP receptors and CNS homeostatic processes","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets Former. Curr. Drug Targets-CNS Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6287","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.17.6287","article-title":"Construction of a porcine adrenal medullary cDNA library and nucleotide sequence analysis of two clones encoding a galanin precursor","volume":"83","author":"R\u00f6kaeus","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-6-3096","article-title":"Galanin gene expression in chromaffin cells is controlled by calcium and protein kinase signaling pathways","volume":"127","author":"Rokaeus","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2009.04.004","article-title":"A novel GalR2-specific peptide agonist","volume":"43","author":"Runesson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001083","article-title":"Spexin modulates functions of rat endocrine pancreatic cells","volume":"47","author":"Sassek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1766-2","article-title":"Spexin in the physiology of pancreatic islets-mutual interactions with insulin","volume":"63","author":"Sassek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18077407","article-title":"Solution NMR studies on the orientation of membrane-bound peptides and proteins by paramagnetic probes","volume":"18","author":"Schrank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933576","article-title":"The galanin and galanin receptor subtypes, its regulatory role in the biological and pathological functions","volume":"66","author":"\u0160ipkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23321","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.36.23321","article-title":"Cloned human and rat galanin GALR3 receptors: pharmacology and activation of G-protein inwardly rectifying K+ channels","volume":"273","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2019.00083","article-title":"Galanin in an agnathan: precursor identification and localisation of expression in the brain of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus","volume":"13","author":"Sobrido-Came\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000258","article-title":"Evolutionary sequence modeling for discovery of peptide hormones","volume":"5","author":"Sonmez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.170991","article-title":"The role of spexin in energy metabolism","volume":"164","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14821","article-title":"Beneficial metabolic effects of recurrent periods of beta\u2010cell rest and stimulation using stable neuropeptide Y1 and glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists","volume":"24","author":"Tanday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(83)80033-7","article-title":"Galanin\u2014a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine","volume":"164","author":"Tatemoto","year":"1983","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(88)90265-3","article-title":"Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection","volume":"9","author":"Tempel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211072443","article-title":"Impact of spexin on metabolic diseases and inflammation: an updated minireview","volume":"247","author":"T\u00fcrkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib78","first-page":"437","article-title":"Exercise and metabolic health: the emerging roles of novel exerkines","volume":"33","author":"T\u00fcrkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2003.12.010","article-title":"In situ localization of preprogalanin mRNA in the goldfish brain and changes in its expression during feeding and starvation","volume":"136","author":"Unniappan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20725","article-title":"Spexin is a novel human peptide that reduces adipocyte uptake of long chain fatty acids and causes weight loss in rodents with diet\u2010induced obesity","volume":"22","author":"Walewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110991","article-title":"Palmitate differentially regulates Spexin, and its receptors Galr2 and Galr3, in GnRH neurons through mechanisms involving PKC, MAPKs, and TLR4","volume":"518","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111688","article-title":"Treatment with spexin mitigates diet-induced hepatic steatosis in vivo and in vitro through activation of galanin receptor 2","volume":"552","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00146","article-title":"Galanin receptors and ligands","volume":"3","author":"Webling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040472","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of insulin resistance targeting molecular and metabolic pathways: fighting a losin battle","volume":"58","author":"Wolosowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.681647","article-title":"Mouse spexin:(II) functional role as a satiety factor inhibiting food intake by regulatory actions within the hypothalamus","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00141.2013","article-title":"Goldfish spexin: solution structure and novel function as a satiety factor in feeding control","volume":"305","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(95)00054-F","article-title":"The effects of intrathecal galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP) on the flexor reflex in rats","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170404","article-title":"Beneficial effects of galanin system on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and its complications","volume":"134","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115121","article-title":"Emerging central and peripheral actions of spexin in feeding behaviour, leptin resistance and obesity","volume":"202","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00391","article-title":"Spexin-based galanin receptor type 2 agonist for comorbid mood disorders and abnormal body weight","volume":"13","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.11.011","article-title":"Galanin type 1 receptor knockout mice show altered responses to high-fat diet and glucose challenge","volume":"91","author":"Zorrilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."}],"container-title":["Peptides"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196978123001614?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196978123001614?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T23:12:09Z","timestamp":1736377929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196978123001614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S0196978123001614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-9781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-9781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An update on galanin and spexin and their potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Peptides","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171096","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"171096"}}