{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:37:04Z","timestamp":1794361024342,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T10:35:32Z","timestamp":1752575732000},"page":"106575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Unravelling the novel mode of action of the spinosyn insecticides: A 25\u00a0year review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Trent","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoxian","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie C.","family":"Giampietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.J.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8344","article-title":"Lucilia cuprina genome unlocks parasitic fly biology to underpin future interventions","volume":"6","author":"Anstead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.04.013","article-title":"Spinosad resistance of melon thrips, Thrips palmi, is conferred by G275E mutation in alpha6 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and cytochrome P450 detoxification","volume":"112","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bib477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-51","article-title":"Mutation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b2 subunit is associated with resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in the aphid Myzus persicae","volume":"12","author":"Bass","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000802","article-title":"Mis-spliced transcripts of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b16 are associated with Field evolved Spinosad resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.)","volume":"6","author":"Baxter","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13882","article-title":"Insecticide resistance mediated by an exon skipping event","volume":"25","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00997.x","article-title":"Physiological properties of neuronal nicotinic receptors reconstituted from the vertebrate beta 2 subunit and Drosophila alpha subunits","volume":"6","author":"Bertrand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493(2007)100[916:GOSRIF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Genetics of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)","volume":"100","author":"Bielza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(87)90025-4","article-title":"Molecular-properties and functions of insect acetylcholine-receptors","volume":"33","author":"Breer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/35077011","article-title":"Crystal structure of an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain of nicotinic receptors","volume":"411","author":"Brejc","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-000-3_23","article-title":"Oocytes as an expression system for studying receptor\/channel targets of drugs and pesticides","volume":"322","author":"Buckingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13435","article-title":"Insecticidal spider toxins are high affinity positive allosteric modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"593","author":"Chambers","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c03821","article-title":"Pesticide Research and Development: general discussion and Spinosad case","volume":"70","author":"Chio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bib479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.04.008","article-title":"Mode of action of triflumezopyrim: A novel mesoionic insecticide which inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"74","author":"Cordova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0060","author":"Corteva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849732901-00163","article-title":"The Spinosyn insecticides","volume":"11","author":"Dripps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rsc Green Chem. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34630-w","article-title":"Muscle5: high-accuracy alignment ensembles enable unbiased assessments of sequence homology and phylogeny","volume":"13","author":"Edgar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394389-7.00003-X","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as Spinosyn targets for insect Pest management","volume":"44","author":"Geng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Insect. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5381","article-title":"The evolution of multiple-insecticide resistance in UK populations of tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta","volume":"75","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.152710","article-title":"Genome engineering of Drosophila with the CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease","volume":"194","author":"Gratz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.160713","article-title":"Highly specific and efficient CRISPR\/Cas9-catalyzed homology-directed repair in Drosophila","volume":"196","author":"Gratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.4.1519","article-title":"Novel putative nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes, D\u03b15, D\u03b16 and D\u03b17 in Drosophila melanogaster identify a new and highly conserved target of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA mediated A-to-I pre-mRNA editing","volume":"160","author":"Grauso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.018","article-title":"Brain alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly requires NACHO","volume":"89","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-020-01205-x","article-title":"Functional characterization and fitness cost of spinosad-resistant alleles in Ceratitis capitata","volume":"93","author":"Guillem-Amat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110857","article-title":"Immunodetection of truncated forms of the \u03b16 subunit of the nAChR in the brain of Spinosad resistant Ceratitis capitata phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Guillem-Amat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.5.1012","article-title":"The C. Elegans ric-3 gene is required for maturation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"21","author":"Halevi","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2021.105030","article-title":"NACHO permits functional heterologous expression of an insect homomeric alpha6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"181","author":"Hawkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D18-007","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha6 subunit mutation (G275V) found in a spinosad-resistant strain of the flower thrips, Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)","volume":"43","author":"Hiruta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15503","article-title":"Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance \u2013 the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"29","author":"Homem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2012.07.010","article-title":"Truncated transcripts of nicotinic acetylcholine subunit gene Bdalpha6 are associated with spinosad resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis","volume":"42","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(86)80881-X","article-title":"The Ion Channel of the nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor is formed by the homologous helices M-ii of the receptor subunits","volume":"205","author":"Hucho","year":"1986","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003667117","article-title":"Cofactor-enabled functional expression of fruit fly, honeybee, and bumblebee nicotinic receptors reveals picomolar neonicotinoid actions","volume":"117","author":"Ihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bib476","series-title":"IRAC","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bib478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.10.011","article-title":"Flupyradifurone (Sivanto\u2122) and its novel butenolide pharmacophore: Structural considerations","volume":"121","author":"Jeschke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.4549206","article-title":"The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family of the honey bee, Apis mellifera","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010522","article-title":"Functional impact of subunit composition and compensation on Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic receptors-targets of neonicotinoids","volume":"19","author":"Komori","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74322","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits and their native interactions with insecticidal peptide toxins","volume":"11","author":"Korona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6183","article-title":"Identification of the Aedes aegypti nAChR gene family and molecular target of spinosad","volume":"77","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02499.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of D\u03b16 and D\u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from Drosophila: formation of a high-affinity \u03b1-bungarotoxin binding site revealed by expression of subunit chimeras","volume":"90","author":"Lansdell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-73","article-title":"The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits D\u03b15 and D\u03b17 form functional homomeric and heteromeric ion channels","volume":"13","author":"Lansdell","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2009.12.003","article-title":"Native subunit composition of two insect nicotinic receptor subtypes with differing affinities for the insecticide imidacloprid","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insect. Biochem. Molec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009920","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator insecticides act on diverse receptor subtypes with distinct subunit compositions","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2005.03.012","article-title":"Bait dilution, spinosad concentration, and efficacy of GF-120 based fruit fly sprays","volume":"25","author":"Mangan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2987\/09-5936.1","article-title":"A review of Spinosad as a natural product for larval mosquito control","volume":"26","author":"Mark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73812","article-title":"Low doses of the organic insecticide spinosad trigger lysosomal defects, elevated ROS, lipid dysregulation, and neurodegeneration in flies","volume":"11","author":"Martelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.04.008","article-title":"NACHO mediates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function throughout the brain","volume":"19","author":"Matta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-40-1-34","article-title":"Saccharopolyspora-Spinosa Sp-Nov isolated from soil collected in a sugar mill rum still","volume":"40","author":"Mertz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105055","article-title":"The Apis mellifera alpha 5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit expresses as a homomeric receptor that is sensitive to serotonin","volume":"182","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/42264","article-title":"Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin","volume":"388","author":"Miyawaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106455","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 knock-out of nAChR alpha6 confers resistance to spinosyns in Frankliniella occidentalis and is associated with a higher fitness cost than target-site mutation G275E","volume":"212","author":"Mocchetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6290","article-title":"Inhibiting the proteasome reduces molecular and biological impacts of the natural product insecticide, spinosad","volume":"77","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2009.04.009","article-title":"Novel mode of action of spinosad: receptor binding studies demonstrating lack of interaction with known insecticidal target sites","volume":"95","author":"Orr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2006.11.009","article-title":"A D\u03b16 knockout strain of Drosophila melanogaster confers a high level of resistance to spinosad","volume":"37","author":"Perry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Insect. Biochem. Molec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2007.12.007","article-title":"Mutations in Dalpha1 or Dbeta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits can confer resistance to neonicotinoids in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"38","author":"Perry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2011.10.010","article-title":"Effects of mutations in Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits on sensitivity to insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"102","author":"Perry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2015.01.017","article-title":"Expression of insect \u03b16-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Drosophila melanogaster highlights a high level of conservation of the receptor:spinosyn interaction","volume":"64","author":"Perry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insect. Biochem. Molec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2021.103547","article-title":"Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in the mode of action of neonicotinoid, sulfoximine and spinosyn insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"131","author":"Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2967","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405500111","article-title":"Optimized CRISPR\/Cas tools for efficient germline and somatic genome engineering in Drosophila","volume":"111","author":"Port","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12029","article-title":"A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor transmembrane point mutation (G275E) associated with resistance to spinosad in Frankliniella occidentalis","volume":"124","author":"Puinean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10158-010-0102-1","article-title":"Transcripts of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene Pxylalpha6 with premature stop codons are associated with spinosad resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella","volume":"10","author":"Rinkevich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invert. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004685118","article-title":"Temporal regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits supports central cholinergic synapse development in","volume":"118","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780260409","article-title":"Designing resistance management programs: how can you choose?","volume":"26","author":"Roush","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.32.010187.002045","article-title":"Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance","volume":"32","author":"Roush","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008715","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: ex-vivo expression of functional, non-hybrid, heteropentameric receptors from a marine arthropod, Lepeophtheirus salmonis","volume":"16","author":"Rufener","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.1998.2332","article-title":"Studies on the mode of action of spinosad: insect symptoms and physiological correlates","volume":"60","author":"Salgado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6396","article-title":"Selective actions of insecticides on desensitizing and non-desensitizing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cockroach (Periplaneta americana) neurons","volume":"77","author":"Salgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2004.07.007","article-title":"Desensitizing and non-desensitizing subtypes of alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cockroach neurons","volume":"50","author":"Salgado","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0315","series-title":"Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science","first-page":"137","article-title":"The spinosyns: Chemistry, biochemistry, mode of action, and resistance","author":"Salgado","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0320","series-title":"Beltwide Cotton Production ConferenceNational Cotton Council, Memphis TN","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Studies on the mode of action of spinosad, the active ingredient in tracer\u00ae insect control","author":"Salgado","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.1998.2333","article-title":"Studies on the mode of action of spinosad: the internal effective concentration and the concentration dependence of neural excitation","volume":"60","author":"Salgado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20207","article-title":"Edit, cut and paste in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family of","volume":"27","author":"Sattelle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0742537.x","article-title":"Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from Drosophila: two different types of \u03b1 subunits coassemble within the same receptor complex","volume":"74","author":"Schulz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105508","article-title":"Selection and characterization of spinetoram resistance in field collected Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"194","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa314","article-title":"Association between susceptibility of Thrips palmi to Spinetoram and frequency of G275E mutation provides basis for molecular quantification of Field-evolved resistance","volume":"114","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.02.006","article-title":"Mutation (G275E) of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha6 subunit is associated with high levels of resistance to spinosyns in Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)","volume":"131","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2015.01.018","article-title":"In vivo functional analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Dalpha6 using the insecticide spinosad","volume":"64","author":"Somers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0360","series-title":"Beltwide Cotton Production ConferenceNational Cotton Council, Memphis TN","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Penetration and metabolism of spinosyn a in lepidopterous larvae","author":"Sparks","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.2000.2490","article-title":"The application of artificial neural networks to the identification of new spinosoids with improved biological activity toward larvae of Heliothis virescens","volume":"67","author":"Sparks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.358","article-title":"Natural products as insecticides: the biology, biochemistry, and quantitative structure-activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids","volume":"57","author":"Sparks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-008-9205-8","article-title":"Neural network-based QSAR and insecticide discovery: spinetoram","volume":"22","author":"Sparks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aid. Mol. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0380","series-title":"Modern Crop Protection Compounds","first-page":"1400","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators: Spinosyns","author":"Sparks","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104587","article-title":"Insecticides, biologics and nematicides: updates to IRAC'S mode of action classification \u2013 a tool for resistance management","volume":"167","author":"Sparks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6073","article-title":"The spinosyns, spinosad, spinetoram, and synthetic spinosyn mimics \u2013 discovery, exploration, and evolution of a natural product chemistry and the impact of computational tools","volume":"77","author":"Sparks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0395","article-title":"Spinosyn resistance and cross-resistance \u2013 a 25 year review and analysis","volume":"210","author":"Sparks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200008)56:8<696::AID-PS182>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Spinosad \u2013 a case study: an example from a natural products discovery programme","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0405","series-title":"Bayer Animal Health GBMH","article-title":"Rhipicephalus nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and pest control acting thereon","author":"Turberg","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38681-w","article-title":"Multiple mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Ccalpha6 gene associated with resistance to spinosad in medfly","volume":"9","author":"Urena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.11.026","article-title":"Head lice and the use of Spinosad","volume":"34","author":"Villegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2018.03.016","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha6 associated with spinosad resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.02.001","article-title":"A three amino acid deletion in the transmembrane domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha6 subunit confers high-level resistance to spinosad in Plutella xylostella","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5889","article-title":"CRISPR-mediated gene knockout reveals nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit alpha6 as a target of spinosyns in Helicoverpa armigera","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5689","article-title":"Disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha6 mediated by CRISPR\/Cas9 confers resistance to spinosyns in Plutella xylostella","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.2001.2559","article-title":"Actions of insecticidal spinosyns on \u03b3-aminobutyric acid responses from small-diameter cockroach neurons","volume":"71","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bib480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.01.009","article-title":"Novel nicotinic action of the sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor","volume":"41","author":"Watson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(00)00120-X","article-title":"Maintenance of GABA receptor function of small-diameter cockroach neurons by adenine nucleotides","volume":"31","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2009.11.004","article-title":"A spinosyn-sensitive Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic acetylcholine receptor identified through chemically induced target site resistance, resistance gene identification, and heterologous expression","volume":"40","author":"Watson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insect. Biochem. Molec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6992","article-title":"Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit deletion mutants on insecticide susceptibility and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-95.2.430","article-title":"Monitoring and characterization of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.04.007","article-title":"A CRISPR\/Cas9 mediated point mutation in the alpha 6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor confers resistance to spinosad in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"73","author":"Zimmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5782","article-title":"Functional validation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha6 as a target of spinosyns in Spodoptera exigua utilizing the CRISPR\/Cas9 system","volume":"76","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12922","article-title":"Knockin of the G275E mutation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha6 confers high levels of resistance to spinosyns in Spodoptera exigua","volume":"29","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insect. Sci."}],"container-title":["Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048357525002883?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048357525002883?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T10:32:36Z","timestamp":1757845956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048357525002883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S0048357525002883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-3575"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-3575","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Unravelling the novel mode of action of the spinosyn insecticides: A 25\u00a0year review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106575","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106575"}}