{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:49:09Z","timestamp":1793396949928,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pharmrev.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T19:02:10Z","timestamp":1745866930000},"page":"100062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Asthma therapeutics: Past, present, and future"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Rhoads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0127-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lior","family":"Seluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Wechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.140120","article-title":"Corticosteroids in the treatment of acute asthma","volume":"9","author":"Alangari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-217124","article-title":"Epinephrine (adrenaline) compared to selective beta-2-agonist in adults or children with acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Baggott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174316","article-title":"Beta 2 adrenergic receptors in asthma: a current perspective","volume":"170","author":"Bai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0388PP","article-title":"Theophylline","volume":"18","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2015.10.002","article-title":"Roflumilast for asthma: efficacy findings in non-placebo-controlled comparator and dosing studies","volume":"35","author":"Bateman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202011-1386OC","article-title":"Positioning as-needed budesonide-formoterol for mild asthma: effect of prestudy treatment in pooled analysis of SYGMA 1 and 2","volume":"18","author":"Bateman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303951","article-title":"Dupilumab for COPD with type 2 inflammation indicated by eosinophil counts","volume":"389","author":"Bhatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31324-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting \u03b22-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Bleecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.6.1576","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium sulfate as an adjunct in the treatment of acute asthma","volume":"107","author":"Bloch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib11","article-title":"Role of intravenous magnesium in the management of moderate to severe exacerbation of asthma: a literature review","volume":"14","author":"Bokhari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-024-00105-4","article-title":"CAR T cells take to the airways","volume":"23","author":"Bordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Na Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5800.585","article-title":"Beclomethasone dipropionate: a new steroid aerosol for the treatment of allergic asthma","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"1972","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2032506","article-title":"Biologic therapies for severe asthma","volume":"386","author":"Brusselle","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-6511-14-14","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GSK2239633, a CC-chemokine receptor 4 antagonist, in healthy male subjects: results from an open-label and from a randomised study","volume":"14","author":"Cahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.06.015","article-title":"Optimizing asthma management: role of long-acting muscarinic antagonists","volume":"150","author":"Casale","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.04.043","article-title":"Omalizumab effectiveness by biomarker status in patients with asthma: evidence from PROSPERO, a prospective real-world study","volume":"7","author":"Casale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00042-9","article-title":"Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"3","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200502-257OE","article-title":"Asthma: one hundred years of treatment and onward","volume":"17","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.10.979","article-title":"Higher-dose intravenous magnesium therapy for children with moderate to severe acute asthma","volume":"154","author":"Ciarallo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.03.018","article-title":"Phase 3 study of reslizumab in patients with poorly controlled asthma: effects across a broad range of eosinophil counts","volume":"150","author":"Corren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.04.005","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights","volume":"33","author":"Coutinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib24","article-title":"Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma","volume":"5","author":"Crossingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04306-2020","article-title":"Novel mechanisms of action contributing to benralizumab\u2019s potent anti-eosinophilic activity","volume":"59","author":"Dagher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S337284","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of masitinib in corticosteroid-dependent severe asthma: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Davidescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13864","article-title":"A first-in-human, single and multiple dose study of lunsekimig, a novel anti-TSLP\/anti-IL-13 NANOBODY\u00ae compound, in healthy volunteers","volume":"17","author":"Deiteren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.12.004","article-title":"Summing up 100 years of asthma","volume":"101","author":"Diamant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202204-368OC","article-title":"Roflumilast may increase risk of exacerbations when used to treat poorly controlled asthma in people with obesity","volume":"20","author":"Dixon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002771","article-title":"Status asthmaticus and the use of ketamine nebulization and magnesium sulfate: current strategies and outcomes","volume":"87","author":"Ekong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib31","article-title":"Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus higher dose ICS for adults with asthma","volume":"2015","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31322-8","article-title":"Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01041-z","article-title":"Safety of as-needed budesonide-formoterol in mild asthma: data from the two phase III SYGMA studies","volume":"44","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2023.12.015","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of macrolide therapy for adult asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Fukuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2755","article-title":"IgE and mast cells in allergic disease","volume":"18","author":"Galli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646450","article-title":"GATA-3-specific DNAzyme - a novel approach for stratified asthma therapy","volume":"47","author":"Garn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.08.013","article-title":"JAK inhibitors for asthma","volume":"148","author":"Georas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.035","article-title":"The Precision Interventions for Severe and\/or Exacerbation-Prone (PrecISE) Asthma Network: an overview of network organization, procedures, and interventions","volume":"149","author":"Georas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31281-3","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01247-2017","article-title":"The mode of action of anticholinergics in asthma","volume":"52","author":"Gosens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib43","first-page":"45","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department","volume":"20","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60304-3","article-title":"Side-effects of roflumilast","volume":"379","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108083250603","article-title":"Comparison of a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma","volume":"325","author":"Haahtela","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172764","article-title":"Current understanding of asthma pathogenesis and biomarkers","volume":"11","author":"Habib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7961-2-4","article-title":"Low-dose, long-term macrolide therapy in asthma: an overview","volume":"2","author":"Hatipoglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Mol Allerg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24427","article-title":"Mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of azithromycin","volume":"36","author":"Heidary","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.8.2.97","article-title":"The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone: compound E) and of pituitary adrenocortical hormone in arthritis: preliminary report","volume":"8","author":"Hench","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00528-2020","article-title":"Treatment options in type-2 low asthma","volume":"57","author":"Hinks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2010.2.3.165","article-title":"A brief history of asthma and its mechanisms to modern concepts of disease pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Holgate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib52","article-title":"Metered dose inhalers versus nebulizers for aerosol bronchodilator delivery for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in critical care units","volume":"2013","author":"Holland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14526","article-title":"Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2023.02.010","article-title":"Protein aggregates in inhaled biologics: challenges and considerations","volume":"112","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608969","article-title":"Severe and difficult-to-treat asthma in adults","volume":"377","author":"Israel","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2406673","article-title":"Twice-yearly depemokimab in severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype","volume":"391","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.6.804","article-title":"Comparison of domiciliary nebulized salbutamol and salbutamol from a metered-dose inhaler in stable chronic airflow limitation","volume":"91","author":"Jenkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.70006","article-title":"Intravenous magnesium: prompt use for asthma in children treated in the emergency department (IMPACT-ED), a pilot randomized trial","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib59","first-page":"365","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response in asthma","volume":"28","author":"Kay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Agents Actions Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30190-9","article-title":"Once-daily, single-inhaler mometasone-indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus mometasone-indacaterol or twice-daily fluticasone-salmeterol in patients with inadequately controlled asthma (IRIDIUM): a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 3 study","volume":"8","author":"Kerstjens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib61","article-title":"Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma","volume":"2015","author":"Kew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib62","article-title":"Macrolides for chronic asthma","volume":"11","author":"Kew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.07.007","article-title":"Long-term safety and clinical benefit of mepolizumab in patients with the most severe eosinophilic asthma: the COSMEX study","volume":"41","author":"Khurana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib64","article-title":"Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma","volume":"1","author":"Kirkland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107334","article-title":"Efficacy of mometasone\/indacaterol\/glycopyrronium in patients with inadequately controlled asthma with respect to baseline eosinophil count: post hoc analysis of IRIDIUM study","volume":"217","author":"Kostikas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8712-1","article-title":"Understanding asthma phenotypes, endotypes, and mechanisms of disease","volume":"56","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laidlaw TM, Maspero JF, Pavord ID, Busse WW, Liu T, Martincova R, Mannent L, and Gereige J (2024) Efficacy and safety of rilzabrutinib - A novel oral treatment in asthma: Results from a double blind placebo controlled phase 2 study [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 209:A7002.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2024.209.1_MeetingAbstracts.A7002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.08.054","article-title":"A randomized multicenter study evaluating Xolair persistence of response after long-term therapy","volume":"140","author":"Ledford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.1119941","article-title":"Corrigendum: Uncontrolled severe T2 asthma: which biological to choose? A biomarker-based approach","volume":"3","author":"L\u00f3pez-Vi\u00f1a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L500","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00065.2023","article-title":"Nebulized caffeine alleviates airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model","volume":"325","author":"Loube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib71","article-title":"Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) in asthma: what is the best strategy?","volume":"87","author":"Mahay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib72","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Peak inspiratory flow rate as a criterion for dry powder inhaler use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Mahler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0739-5","article-title":"Predictive biomarkers for asthma therapy","volume":"17","author":"Medrek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"384","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05534-8","article-title":"Beyond CAR-T: the rise of CAR-NK cell therapy in asthma immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Mohammad Taheri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15143648","article-title":"Non-covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Montoya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.54.2.128","article-title":"Maimonides' treatise on asthma","volume":"54","author":"Muntner","year":"1968","journal-title":"Dis Ches"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1036","article-title":"A comparison of albuterol administered by metered-dose inhaler and spacer with albuterol by nebulizer in adults presenting to an urban emergency department with acute asthma","volume":"121","author":"Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30031-5","article-title":"Severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab stratified by baseline eosinophil thresholds: a secondary analysis of the DREAM and MENSA studies","volume":"4","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200407-884OC","article-title":"Budesonide\/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma","volume":"171","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30416-1","article-title":"Effect of a single day of increased as-needed budesonide-formoterol use on short-term risk of severe exacerbations in patients with mild asthma: a post-hoc analysis of the SYGMA 1 study","volume":"9","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib82","first-page":"627","article-title":"Bronchial asthma","author":"Osler","year":"1914"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622310383343","article-title":"Montelukast in asthma: a review of its efficacy and place in therapy","volume":"2","author":"Paggiaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4839230","article-title":"Benralizumab: from the basic mechanism of action to the potential use in the biological therapy of severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"2018","author":"Pelaia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201303260504","article-title":"Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma","volume":"326","author":"Robinson","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106611","article-title":"SMART for the treatment of asthma: a network meta-analysis of real-world evidence","volume":"188","author":"Rogliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib87","series-title":"Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatments","author":"Salter","year":"1864"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.10.009","article-title":"Recent advances in severe asthma: from phenotypes to personalized medicine","volume":"157","author":"Schoettler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.3.1602","article-title":"A novel human CC chemokine, eotaxin-3, which is expressed in IL-4-stimulated vascular endothelial cells, exhibits potent activity toward eosinophils","volume":"163","author":"Shinkai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.014","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dexpramipexole in eosinophilic asthma (EXHALE): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2024.16.5.462","article-title":"Update on inflammatory biomarkers for defining asthma phenotype","volume":"16","author":"Sim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15002","article-title":"A phase 1 study of the long-acting anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody GSK3511294 in patients with asthma","volume":"88","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2769","article-title":"Association of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting \u03b2-agonists as controller and quick relief therapy with exacerbations and symptom control in persistent asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"319","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2012.06.004","article-title":"Asthma biomarkers in sputum","volume":"32","author":"Spahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S107982","article-title":"Omalizumab for severe asthma: toward personalized treatment based on biomarker profile and clinical history","volume":"11","author":"Tabataan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S78049","article-title":"Benralizumab: a unique IL-5 inhibitor for severe asthma","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.06.017","article-title":"Spontaneous sputum discriminates inflammatory phenotypes in patients with asthma","volume":"126","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.02.048","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on asthma remission in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma: a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-anonymized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"166","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib99","unstructured":"Thomson RJ, Moshirfar M, and Ronquillo Y (2025) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL) [Updated 2023 Jul 18]. Retrieved December 2024 from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK563322\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-023-00234-y","article-title":"Triple therapy with mometasone\/indacaterol\/glycopyrronium or doubling the ICS\/LABA dose in GINA step 4: IRIDIUM analyses","volume":"9","author":"van Zyl-Smit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5688.65","article-title":"Comparison of cardiorespiratory effects of isoprenaline and salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma","volume":"1","author":"Warrell","year":"1970","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730090-00006","article-title":"Clinical pattern of zileuton-associated liver injury: results of a 12-month study in patients with chronic asthma","volume":"30","author":"Watkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702079","article-title":"Mepolizumab or placebo for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"376","author":"Wechsler","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00316-2024","article-title":"Clinical response and on-treatment clinical remission with tezepelumab in a broad population of patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: results over 2 years from the NAVIGATOR and DESTINATION studies","volume":"64","author":"Wechsler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2311155","article-title":"Benralizumab versus mepolizumab for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"390","author":"Wechsler","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024257","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of itepekimab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"385","author":"Wechsler","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad240","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of amlitelimab, a fully human nondepleting, noncytotoxic anti-OX40 ligand monoclonal antibody, in atopic dermatitis: results of a phase IIa randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"189","author":"Weidinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00012415","article-title":"Biomarkers to identify sputum eosinophilia in different adult asthma phenotypes","volume":"46","author":"Westerhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.01.009","article-title":"Inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase signaling cascade for asthma","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib110","article-title":"A new antagonist for CCR4 attenuates allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S506688","article-title":"Role of the gut-lung microbiome axis in airway inflammation in OVA-challenged mice and the effect of azithromycin","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699725074708?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699725074708?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:58:47Z","timestamp":1759964327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031699725074708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031699725074708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6997","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Asthma therapeutics: Past, present, and future","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2025.100062","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100062"}}