{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:55:38Z","timestamp":1793213738696,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":364,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pharmrev.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:50:02Z","timestamp":1771865402000},"page":"100126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Reimagining pharmacology education"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2823-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Guilding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roisin","family":"Kelly-Laubscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6454-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-0944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinne","family":"Dilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9681-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2408-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Quesnelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdi","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3032-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Christopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04225.x","article-title":"Integrating pharmacology and clinical pharmacology in universities","volume":"73","author":"Buckingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib2","author":"Freeman"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05365-7","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and medical education: application in classroom instruction and student assessment using a pharmacology & therapeutics case study","volume":"24","author":"Sridharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3126\/jbs.v8i1.38458","article-title":"An insight of medical student\u2019s preference and opinions to Pharmacology textbooks","volume":"8","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10350-w","article-title":"Playfulness in the classroom: gamification favor the learning of pharmacology","volume":"26","author":"dos Reis L\u00edvero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00215.2020","article-title":"To what extent do preclinical veterinary students in the UK utilize online resources to study physiology","volume":"45","author":"Saadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib7","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on student performance in medical pharmacology","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270131","article-title":"Quantifying the rise and fall of scientific fields","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3910","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3910.1227","article-title":"The pharmaceutical revolution: its impact on science and society","volume":"166","author":"Lasagna","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib10","series-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 Edition)","article-title":"Scientific revolutions","author":"Nickles","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib11","author":"Bynum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib12","article-title":"The decline and fall of materia medica and the rise of pharmacology and therapeutics in veterinary medicine","volume":"8","author":"Lees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcp097","article-title":"When I use a word \u2026materia medica, clinical pharmacology, and therapeutics","volume":"103","author":"Aronson","year":"2009","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-015-0522-z","article-title":"The understanding of core pharmacological concepts among health care students in their final semester","volume":"15","author":"Aronsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","article-title":"Rudolf Buchheim and the beginning of pharmacology as a science","volume":"14","author":"Habermann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib16","article-title":"Exploring the landscape of pharmacology education in health professions programs: from historical perspectives to current approaches to teaching","volume":"994","author":"Crowley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib17","first-page":"S2","article-title":"A brief history of the British Pharmacological Society","volume":"147","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib18","author":"Iacobelli"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.23.030161.000245","article-title":"Pharmacology in a changing world","volume":"23","author":"Schmidt","year":"1961","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"The basic medical sciences, the revolution in biology and the future of medical education","volume":"35","author":"Wagner","year":"1962","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib21","first-page":"935","article-title":"Is there an identity crisis in medical school pharmacology?","volume":"51","author":"Cs\u00e1ky","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib22","author":"Griesbacher"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267234","article-title":"Challenges facing interdisciplinary researchers: findings from a professional development workshop","volume":"17","author":"Daniel","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/23562","article-title":"Exploring the interdisciplinary nature of precision medicine: network analysis and visualization","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr295","article-title":"Bioinformatics challenges for personalized medicine","volume":"27","author":"Fernald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1178","article-title":"Pharmacology education in the medical curriculum: challenges and opportunities for improvement","volume":"12","author":"Fasinu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.762","article-title":"Design of a foundational sciences curriculum: applying the ICAP framework to pharmacology education in integrated medical curricula","volume":"9","author":"Quesnelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01442-4","article-title":"Assessing knowledge of pharmacokinetics in an integrated medical curriculum","volume":"31","author":"Pandit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.11.017","article-title":"Best practices for teaching pharmacology to undergraduate nursing students: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6430","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe6430","article-title":"Design and delivery of clinical pharmacokinetics in colleges and schools of pharmacy","volume":"82","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04233.x","article-title":"Finding a VOICE for UK clinical pharmacology","volume":"73","author":"Aronson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10\/11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib32","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Mergers in higher education institutions: a proposal of a novel conceptual model","volume":"45","author":"Su\u0142kowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag Fin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib34","author":"Juneja"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56442-4","article-title":"A roadmap to precision medicine through post-genomic electronic medical records","volume":"16","author":"Mendez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"311","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib38","article-title":"NHS drug costs in England rose to more than \u00a319 billion in 2022\/2023","volume":"7979","author":"Clews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib39","series-title":"Performance of the Belgian Health System: Report 2024","author":"Gerkens","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib42","series-title":"An In-Depth Investigation into Causes of Prescribing Errors by Foundation Trainees in Relation to Their Medical Education: EQUIP Study","author":"Dornan","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib43","series-title":"Global Burden of Preventable Medication-Related Harm in Health Care: A Systematic Review","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13370","article-title":"The pharmaceutical industry needs more clinical pharmacologists","volume":"83","author":"Peck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-04-2021-0128","article-title":"The implication of multicultural education on students\u2019 learning approaches in biosciences and pharmacy courses","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Res Higher Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib46","unstructured":"OECD. International student mobility. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/indicators\/international-student-mobility.html. Accessed August 30 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.07.023","article-title":"Toxicology has to use opportunities given by Bologna reform of higher education","volume":"190","author":"Drobne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib48","unstructured":"Nightcourses.com. Irish medical students in Poland at all-time high. https:\/\/www.nightcourses.com\/blog\/irish-medical-students-in-poland-at-all-time-high\/#. Accessed August 26 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib49","unstructured":"Nolan L. Why are there so many Irish vet students in Poland? RT\u00c9 Newsroom. Accessed August 26, 2024. https:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2023\/0203\/1353427-why-are-there-so-many-irish-vet-students-in-poland\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib50","author":"Stacey"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/00185787231196770","article-title":"International branch campuses and pharmacy education in low-middle-income countries","volume":"59","author":"El Hadidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib58","author":"Britton"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01382-z","article-title":"Insights into delivering cross-cultural medical education in the UK and Malaysia","volume":"31","author":"Guilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/15602210801933172","article-title":"The effect of language background on teaching and learning in the master of pharmacy degree","volume":"8","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib61","unstructured":"British Pharmacological Society. Pharmacology education and employment landscape report launch. Accessed April 1, 2026. https:\/\/www.bps.ac.uk\/news\/blog\/blog-article\/?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=537&cHash=533a91e0a3492fd33476052c99fb5f94."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-13-153","article-title":"An evaluation of pharmacology curricula in Australian science and health-related degree programs","volume":"13","author":"Lloyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01646-6","article-title":"Cross-sectional evaluation of pharmaceutical care competences in nurse education: how well do curricula prepare students of different educational levels?","volume":"23","author":"De Baetselier","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.682","article-title":"Pharmacology and therapeutics education in the European Union needs harmonization and modernization: a cross-sectional survey among 185 medical schools in 27 countries","volume":"102","author":"Brinkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1790-y","article-title":"The effect of different levels of realism of context learning on the prescribing competencies of medical students during the clinical clerkship in internal medicine: an exploratory study","volume":"71","author":"Tichelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.09.011","article-title":"The fall and rise of pharmacology\u2013(re-) defining the discipline?","volume":"87","author":"Winquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib66","first-page":"S304","article-title":"The future of pharmacology","volume":"147","author":"Vallance","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2024.2302602","article-title":"The future of pharmacology education: a global outlook","volume":"17","author":"Guilding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16000","article-title":"Identifying the core concepts of pharmacology education: a global initiative","volume":"180","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009343697","article-title":"Teaching pharmacology in an innovative medical curriculum: challenges of integration, technology, and future training","volume":"50","author":"Achike","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib70","author":"Orme"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-024-09740-6","article-title":"Higher education teaching quality in the aftermath of the double disruption","volume":"50","author":"Lundberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov Higher Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.06.032","article-title":"Pharmacology education: reflections and challenges","volume":"833","author":"Engels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib73","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on mathematics and science pedagogical content knowledge: exploring its associations with teacher and student variables","volume":"155","author":"Fukaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Teach Teach Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib74","series-title":"Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate","author":"Boyer","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib75","author":"Steiner"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib76","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of SoTL in the academy: upon the 25th anniversary of Boyer\u2019s Scholarship Reconsidered","volume":"15","author":"Kern","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Scholarsh Teach Learn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib77","series-title":"Becoming a SoTL Scholar","author":"Miller-Young","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib78","article-title":"Evaluating student understanding of core pharmacokinetic concepts","volume":"990","author":"Babey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib79","article-title":"Evaluating student understanding of pharmacodynamics core concepts","volume":"990","author":"Kelly-Laubscher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2022.224.115122","article-title":"White paper on the scholarship of teaching and learning: expanding the academic pharmacy promotion and tenure process","volume":"22","author":"Forrest","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib81","series-title":"The Eight Roles of the Medical Teacher: The Purpose and Function of a Teacher in the Healthcare Professions","author":"Harden","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251342160","article-title":"The cultural compass: a systematic review on cultural dimensions theory in educational settings","volume":"15","author":"Ouyang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01878.x","article-title":"BPS Clinical Section Committee. Teaching safe and effective prescribing in UK medical schools: a core curriculum for tomorrow's doctors.","volume":"55","author":"Maxwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11s","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005354","article-title":"Professional identity formation of basic science medical educators: a qualitative study of identity supports and threats","volume":"98","author":"Brooks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib85","author":"Griesbacher"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5430\/jct.v12n6p188","article-title":"What is curriculum? Building a broader understanding of the term","volume":"12","author":"El-Astal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Curriculum Teach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib87","unstructured":"AQF - Australian Qualifications Framework. AQF levels. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.aqf.edu.au\/framework\/aqf-levels#toc-aqf-level-6-criteria-3."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib88","unstructured":"QQI - Quality and Qualifications Ireland. National framework of qualifications. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.qqi.ie\/what-we-do\/the-qualifications-system\/national-framework-of-qualifications."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib89","unstructured":"Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (2023) Subject Benchmark Statement: Biomedical Science and Biomedical Sciences. Gloucester: Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Accessed March 13, 2026. https:\/\/www.qaa.ac.uk\/the-quality-code\/subject-benchmark-statements\/subject-benchmark-statement-biomedical-science-and-biomedical-sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib90","unstructured":"EHEA - European Higher Education Area. EHEA members. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/ehea.info\/page-members."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib91","unstructured":"GMC - General Medical Souncil. Outcomes for graduates. Accessed April 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.gmc-uk.org\/education\/standards-guidance-and-curricula\/standards-and-outcomes\/outcomes-for-graduates."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib92","unstructured":"NACNS - National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists. Adult-gerontology clinical nurse specialist (CNS) competencies. Accessed April 9, 2025. https:\/\/nacns.org\/resources\/practice-and-cns-role\/cns-competencies\/adult-gero-competencies\/, 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16222","article-title":"Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology: a global initiative","volume":"181","author":"Guilding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/BJESBS\/2016\/23498","article-title":"Challenges of curriculum development for health sciences","volume":"15","author":"Salih","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJESBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib96","series-title":"Prescribing Competencies Framework: Embedding Quality Use of Medicines into Practice","author":"MedicineWise","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2006.11.006","article-title":"Framework for teaching pharmacology to prepare graduate nurse for prescribing in New Zealand","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.832","article-title":"Developing a new undergraduate pharmacology core curriculum: the British Pharmacological Society Delphi Method","volume":"9","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib99","unstructured":"BPS - British Pharmacological Society. Undergraduate curriculum. Accessed March 16, 2026. https:\/\/www.bps.ac.uk\/careers-education\/teaching-pharmacology\/undergraduate-curriculum\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04186.x","article-title":"Prescribing and the core curriculum for tomorrow\u2019s doctors: BPS curriculum in clinical pharmacology and prescribing for medical students","volume":"74","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib101","first-page":"479","article-title":"Student-led approaches to introducing animal research for first year biomedical science and pharmacology undergraduates","volume":"180","author":"Bailey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib102","unstructured":"BPS - British Pharmacological Society, Curriculum for the use of research animals. Accessed March 16, 2026. Use of research animals curriculum. https:\/\/www.bps.ac.uk\/education-engagement\/research-animals\/curriculum-for-the-use-of-research-animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and prescribing education: an updated medical school curriculum from the British Pharmacological Society","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.122.266690","article-title":"The pharmacology knowledge objectives (KOs)-current status","volume":"385","author":"Theobald","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib105","unstructured":"ASPET - American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Pharmacology knowledge objectives. Accessed April 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.aspet.org\/docs\/default-source\/dpe-division\/pharmacology-ko-2024-update-07092024.pdf?sfvrsn=533773d3_0."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.962","article-title":"Key learning outcomes for Clinical Pharmacology and therapeutics education in Europe: a modified Delphi Study","volume":"104","author":"Brinkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib107","unstructured":"EACPT Education Working Group. Accessed April 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.prescribingeducation.eu\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3132","article-title":"The European list of key medicines for medical education: a modified Delphi study","volume":"115","author":"Donker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib110","unstructured":"BPS - British Pharmacological Society. Core skills\u2014undergraduate pharmacology curriculum. Accessed March 16, 2026. https:\/\/www.bps.ac.uk\/careers-education\/teaching-pharmacology\/undergraduate-curriculum\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib111","unstructured":"RPS - Royal Pharmaceutical Society. A competency framework for all prescribers. Accessed April 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.rpharms.com\/resources\/frameworks\/prescribers-competency-framework."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib112","article-title":"Developing a competence framework for nurses in pharmaceutical care: a Delphi study","volume":"104","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7862","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157862","article-title":"The NUPHAC-EU framework for nurses\u2019 role in interprofessional pharmaceutical care: cross-sectional evaluation in Europe","volume":"18","author":"De Baetselier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15985","article-title":"Developing an international concept-based curriculum for pharmacology education: the promise of core concepts and concept inventories","volume":"91","author":"Guilding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.29090\/psa.2017.03.115","article-title":"Outcomes-based approach to pharmacy curriculum review and redevelopment","volume":"44","author":"Doria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm Sci Asia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102151","article-title":"Closing the loop: strengthening course quality of Pharm.D. program via applying a comprehensive four-step review approach","volume":"32","author":"Aljuffali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13a","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe75113a","article-title":"Curriculum for uncertainty: certainty may not be the answer","volume":"75","author":"Noble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib118","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of individual disciplines before and after a shift to an active-learning and integrated curriculum","author":"Click","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02109-1","article-title":"Evaluating prescribing competencies covered in a Canadian-accredited undergraduate pharmacy program in Qatar: a curriculum mapping process","volume":"20","author":"Abdallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.984","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 responsibilities and tasks in pharmaceutical care: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"De Baetselier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04228.x","article-title":"The roles of clinical pharmacologists in UK universities","volume":"73","author":"Webb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib123","series-title":"A Note from Dave\u2019s Desk","author":"Jackson","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib124","unstructured":"ASPET - American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ASPET strategic plan 2023\u20132027. Accessed April 9, 2025. https:\/\/www.aspet.org\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/aspet-strategic-plan-2023-2027_v3.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53554-7","article-title":"Analysis of US Food and Drug Administration new drug and biologic approvals, regulatory pathways, and review times, 1980\u20132022","volume":"14","author":"Seoane-Vazquez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4336","article-title":"The discovery of first-in-class drugs: origins and evolution","volume":"13","author":"Eder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59233","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for COVID-19: what, why and how","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3954","article-title":"Signalling bias in new drug discovery: detection, quantification and therapeutic impact","volume":"12","author":"Kenakin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib129","series-title":"Biologics, Biosimilars, and Biobetters","first-page":"253","article-title":"Knowledge areas and competency standards on biologic medicines for pharmacists and pharmacy students","author":"Ramzan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02638-x","article-title":"Comparison of prescribing patterns of non-physician clinicians and dermatologists in the Medicare population","volume":"315","author":"Lakdawala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-019-0429-6","article-title":"Nurse prescribing of medicines in 13 European countries","volume":"17","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2012-000189","article-title":"A brief history of pharmacist prescribing in the UK","volume":"19","author":"Baqir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Hosp Pharm"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.04.015","article-title":"Non-Medical prescribing policies: a global scoping review","volume":"124","author":"Ecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw085","article-title":"Influences on prescribing decision-making among non-medical prescribers in the United Kingdom: systematic review","volume":"33","author":"McIntosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib135","unstructured":"GPhC - General Pharmaceutical Council. Standards for education and training of pharmacists. Accessed March 2, 2025. https:\/\/www.pharmacyregulation.org\/students-and-trainees\/education-and-training-providers\/standards-education-and-training-pharmacists."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib136","author":"Grimes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13737","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes on implementing cardiovascular pharmacogenomic testing","volume":"17","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2292-5","article-title":"Medical education in pharmacogenomics-results from a survey on pharmacogenetic knowledge in healthcare professionals within the European pharmacogenomics clinical implementation project Ubiquitous Pharmacogenomics (U-PGx)","volume":"73","author":"Just","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040216","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers toward genetic testing and pharmacogenomics among healthcare workers in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Rahma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gim.2022.07.014","article-title":"2022 Association of Professors of Human and Medical Genetics (APHMG) consensus-based update of the core competencies for undergraduate medical education in genetics and genomics","volume":"24","author":"Massingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12993","article-title":"Update to the essential genomic nursing competencies and outcome indicators","volume":"56","author":"Calzone","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8634","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8634","article-title":"Pharmacists leading the way to precision medicine: updates to the core pharmacist competencies in genomics","volume":"86","author":"Gammal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0615-087R","article-title":"Animals used in research and education, 1966\u20132016: evolving attitudes, policies, and relationships","volume":"42","author":"Lairmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SU00056K","article-title":"The relevance of sustainable laboratory practices","volume":"2","author":"Freese","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Sustain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.14744\/ijmb.2024.65668","article-title":"Advancing green laboratory practices: a review of sustainability in healthcare","volume":"7","author":"Rai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Med Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.132153","article-title":"Animal use in pharmacology education and research: the changing scenario","volume":"46","author":"Badyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.908","article-title":"Alternative to animal experimentation in pharmacology teaching: development and validation of an equivalent digital learning tool","volume":"10","author":"Lawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.01.002","article-title":"Tackling the need to teach integrative pharmacology and physiology: problems and ways forward","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01882-4","article-title":"The fall and rise of in vivo pharmacology","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib151","author":"Seeley"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.853","article-title":"Lumbriculus variegatus: a novel organism for in vivo pharmacology education","volume":"9","author":"Seeley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1158","article-title":"Co-created in vivo pharmacology practical classes using the novel organism Lumbriculus variegatus","volume":"11","author":"Carriere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A63","DOI":"10.59390\/RAKO7898","article-title":"Using Zebrafish embryos to study pharmacological effects on neural development in hands-on neurobiology laboratory activities","volume":"21","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Undergrad Neurosci Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/00219266.2020.1808512","article-title":"Cockroaches: an alternative model to teach enzymatic inhibition to undergraduate students","volume":"56","author":"Schmitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib156","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rejuvenating Research and Training in Biomedical Sciences in Nigeria: Drosophila Melanogaster as A Versatile Alternative Model","volume":"5","author":"Adedeji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Basic Appl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-6917(03)00064-9","article-title":"Pharmacology education: a theoretical framework of applied pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Banning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-012-0032-1","article-title":"Essential therapeutics skills required of junior doctors","volume":"1","author":"Baldwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0432-z","article-title":"Teaching clinical pharmacology and therapeutics with an emphasis on the therapeutic reasoning of undergraduate medical students","volume":"64","author":"Richir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00920.x","article-title":"Skills and competencies required by veterinary pharmacologists: a blueprint for graduate education in veterinary pharmacology in North America","volume":"31","author":"Fajt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.2003.494031030221","article-title":"Poised between the pedantic and the puerile: physicians-to-be in a problem-based learning program","volume":"31","author":"Rangachari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.836","article-title":"Identifying the core concepts of pharmacology education","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jmbe.00037-23","article-title":"Science communication training imparts confidence and influences public engagement activity","volume":"24","author":"Swords","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biol Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9020070","article-title":"Strategies to inspire students\u2019 engagement in pharmacology courses","volume":"9","author":"Rubaiy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100266","article-title":"Pharmacology education in undergraduate and graduate medical education in the United States","volume":"82","author":"Candler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.521","article-title":"Essential competencies in prescribing: a first European cross-sectional study among 895 final-year medical students","volume":"101","author":"Brinkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15919","article-title":"UK Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA): the development, implementation and outcomes of a national online prescribing assessment","volume":"90","author":"Magavern","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13319","article-title":"Prescribing Safety Assessment 2016: delivery of a national prescribing assessment to 7343 UK final-year medical students","volume":"83","author":"Maxwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-015-0521-0","article-title":"Medication safety curriculum: enhancing skills and changing behaviors","volume":"15","author":"Karpa","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15443","article-title":"Do we become better prescribers after graduation: a 1-year international follow-up study among junior doctors","volume":"88","author":"Donker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib176","series-title":"The Collected Works of LS Vygotsky: The Fundamentals of Defectology","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib177","first-page":"66","article-title":"Constructivism learning theory: a paradigm for teaching and learning","volume":"5","author":"Bada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Res Method Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00053.2006","article-title":"Where\u2019s the evidence that active learning works?","volume":"30","author":"Michael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib179","series-title":"Active Learning in Secondary and College Science Classrooms: A Working Model for Helping the Learner to Learn","author":"Michael","year":"2003"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2155756","article-title":"Transforming physics education","volume":"58","author":"Wieman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib181","series-title":"A Guide to Introductory Physics Teaching","author":"Arons","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1119\/1.18809","article-title":"Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: a six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses","volume":"66","author":"Hake","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib183","series-title":"Improving How Universities Teach Science: Lessons from the Science Education Initiative","author":"Wieman","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6031","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201783","article-title":"Improved learning in a large-enrollment physics class","volume":"332","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1374249","article-title":"Peer Instruction: ten years of experience and results","volume":"69","author":"Crouch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010119","article-title":"Physics instructors\u2019 knowledge and use of active learning has increased over the last decade but most still lecture too much","volume":"20","author":"Dancy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Rev Phys Educ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib187","series-title":"Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education: A Call to Action","author":"Brewer","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib188","first-page":"A22","article-title":"Vision and change in undergraduate biology education: a call to action presentation to Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience","volume":"11","author":"Ledbetter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Undergrad Neurosci Educ"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319030111","article-title":"Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics","volume":"111","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04271.x","article-title":"How could undergraduate education prepare new graduates to be safer prescribers?","volume":"74","author":"McLellan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03567-4","article-title":"The impact of a summative national prescribing assessment and curriculum type on the development of the prescribing competence of junior doctors","volume":"79","author":"Donker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03027-3","article-title":"Switching from a traditional undergraduate programme in (clinical) pharmacology and therapeutics to a problem-based learning programme","volume":"77","author":"Brinkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe5931","article-title":"Student engagement with a flipped classroom teaching design affects pharmacology examination performance in a manner dependent on question type","volume":"81","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2015.1107887","article-title":"Adopting an active learning approach to teaching in a research-intensive higher education context transformed staff teaching attitudes and behaviours","volume":"35","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Higher Educ Res Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2015.1055056","article-title":"Academic workload: the silent barrier to the implementation of technology-enhanced learning strategies in higher education","volume":"36","author":"Gregory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Distance Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2017.25.10.662","article-title":"Learning through reflection","volume":"25","author":"Wain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Midwif"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9459(24)08797-7","article-title":"Faculty, student, and practitioner development within a community of practice","volume":"69","author":"Austin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2019.10.016","article-title":"Evaluation of multiple active learning strategies in a pharmacology course","volume":"12","author":"Sumanasekera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/1357-6283.161851","article-title":"Development of active learning modules in pharmacology for small group teaching","volume":"28","author":"Tripathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib200","article-title":"Implementing collaborative, active learning using peer instructions in pharmacology teaching increases students\u2019 learning and thereby exam performance","volume":"867","author":"Carstensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe6782","article-title":"Redesigning a pharmacology course to promote active learning","volume":"83","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1254\/fpj.21100","article-title":"Nursing pharmacology education and active-learning","volume":"157","author":"Yanagita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib203","article-title":"Promoting the active learning of pharmacology and clinical therapeutics utilizing team-based learning (TBL) methods in second year systems modules","volume":"31","author":"Gorman","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib204","article-title":"The effects of an active learning mechanism on cognitive load and learning achievement: a new approach for pharmacology teaching to Taiwanese nursing students","volume":"124","author":"Yiin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.833","article-title":"Answering questions in a co-created formative exam question bank improves summative exam performance, while students perceive benefits from answering, authoring, and peer discussion: a mixed methods analysis of PeerWise","volume":"9","author":"Guilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib206","article-title":"Beyond lectures and practical courses: teaching pharmacology using imaginative pedagogical tools","volume":"202","author":"Ba\u00f1os","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib207","first-page":"295","article-title":"The usefulness of TV medical dramas for teaching clinical pharmacology: a content analysis of House, MD","volume":"20","author":"Ba\u00f1os","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2018.11.004","article-title":"Effect of problem-based learning in pharmacology education: a meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud Educ Eval"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2018.05.015","article-title":"Interprofessional education through a telehealth team based learning exercise focused on pharmacogenomics","volume":"10","author":"Quesnelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00065.2011","article-title":"Steps to pluripotent learning: provocative teaching","volume":"35","author":"Rangachari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib211","article-title":"Multidimensional evaluation of teaching strategies for pharmacology based on a comprehensive analysis involving 21,269 students","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib212","series-title":"Team-Based Learning: A Transformative Use of Small Groups in College Teaching","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe7910149","article-title":"Practical team-based learning from planning to implementation","volume":"79","author":"Whitley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02093-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Team-Based Learning exercise in the learning outcomes of a medical pharmacology course: insight from struggling students","volume":"394","author":"Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3946\/kjme.2020.151","article-title":"The pharmacology course for preclinical students using team-based learning","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328015tlm1701_10","article-title":"Adaption of team learning to an introductory graduate pharmacology course","volume":"17","author":"Dunaway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3109\/01421590903548521","article-title":"Using team-based learning to teach pharmacology to second year medical students improves student performance","volume":"32","author":"Zgheib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib218","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effectiveness of team based learning to teach pharmacology for phase-II MBBS students","volume":"7","author":"Hashilkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719.8","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.719.8","article-title":"Assessing team-based learning method's effectiveness in medical pharmacology teaching (719.8)","volume":"28","author":"Mehnaatamai Mohanram","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-023-00464-6","article-title":"Team-based learning-adopted strategy in pharmacy education: pharmacology and medicinal chemistry students\u2019 perceptions","volume":"9","author":"Attia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13684","article-title":"The introduction of team-based learning into the clinical pharmacology section of the endodontics clinical course","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000000671","article-title":"Improving pharmacology standardized test and final examination scores through team-based learning","volume":"45","author":"El-Banna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurse Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06147-x","article-title":"Team-based learning in health professions education: an umbrella review","volume":"24","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/JPA.0000000000000061","article-title":"Incorporating team-based learning into a physician assistant Clinical Pharmacology course","volume":"27","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physician Assist Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib225","series-title":"Compendium of Active Learning & Assessment for Student Engagement-Volume 2: TUS-MMW","first-page":"40","article-title":"Team-based learning: the power of the readiness assurance process","author":"McCormack","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102017","article-title":"Team-based learning versus traditional teaching effect on pharmacy Students\u2019 Performance: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Korayem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02252-9","article-title":"Designing and evaluating an interprofessional education conference approach to antimicrobial education","volume":"20","author":"Guilding","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02024-5","article-title":"Interprofessional team-based learning (TBL): how do students engage?","volume":"20","author":"Burgess","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01386.x","article-title":"A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods","volume":"20","author":"Barrows","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3","article-title":"Problem-based learning: what and how do students learn?","volume":"16","author":"Hmelo-Silver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12663","article-title":"Effects of problem-based learning on delivering medical and nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid-Based Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03254-5","article-title":"Problem-based or lecture-based learning, old topic in the new field: a meta-analysis on the effects of PBL teaching method in Chinese standardized residency training","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(02)00025-7","article-title":"Effects of problem-based learning: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Dochy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learn Instruction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199209000-00002","article-title":"The psychological basis of problem-based learning: a review of the evidence","volume":"67","author":"Norman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2011.04035.x","article-title":"The process of problem-based learning: what works and why","volume":"45","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7771\/1541-5015.1813","article-title":"The triple jump in problem-based learning: unpacking principles and practices in designing assessment for curriculum alignment","volume":"13","author":"Chian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscip J Problem-Based Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/0260293940190306","article-title":"The triple jump exercise in inquiry-based learning: a case study showing directions for further research","volume":"19","author":"Feletti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Assess Eval Higher Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199307000-00015","article-title":"Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research","volume":"68","author":"Vernon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-015-9645-6","article-title":"Deep and surface learning in problem-based learning: a review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Dolmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib240","article-title":"Implementation of problem-based learning modules in an introduction to public health course","volume":"12","author":"Matsuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0976500X241285990","article-title":"Comparison of problem-based learning and didactic lecture as a teaching\u2013learning method among undergraduate medical students: an interventional study","volume":"16","author":"Anthony","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039376","article-title":"Evaluation of problem-based learning for pharmacology based on a comprehensive analysis in undergraduate students","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"7384","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7384.328","article-title":"Problem based learning","volume":"326","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib244","article-title":"The influence of near-peer teaching on undergraduate health professional students\u2019 self-efficacy beliefs: a systematic integrative review","volume":"143","author":"Pierce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14672","article-title":"Peer-assisted learning in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Brierley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2021.10.098","article-title":"Learning pharmacology through peer tutoring","volume":"35","author":"Demak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.70192","article-title":"Pharmacist peer-led teaching enhances medical undergraduate prescribing: a mixed-methods study","volume":"22","author":"Mohammed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.1419","article-title":"Problem-based learning. Challenges, barriers and outcome issues","volume":"22","author":"Azer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"7382","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.213","article-title":"Applying educational theory in practice","volume":"326","author":"Kaufman","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib250","first-page":"129","article-title":"Group work in undergraduate research: turning bane into boon","volume":"4","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Inter Multidiscip Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20608","article-title":"An exploration of psychological safety and conflict in first-year engineering student teams","volume":"113","author":"Huerta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eng Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib252","first-page":"52","article-title":"Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues","volume":"68","author":"Albanese","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-019-09909-1","article-title":"Assessment in the context of problem-based learning","volume":"24","author":"van der Vleuten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543075001027","article-title":"Effects of problem-based learning: a meta-analysis from the angle of assessment","volume":"75","author":"Gijbels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcn.ijcn_73_22","article-title":"Effectiveness of problem-based learning versus traditional lecture method in terms of knowledge among nursing students in a selected nursing college of Kashmir","volume":"24","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Contin Nurs Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590078814","article-title":"Faculty development in the new millennium: key challenges and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Steinert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12756","article-title":"Mentorship in the health professions: a review","volume":"15","author":"Burgess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib258","article-title":"Can you learn from a dummy? Pharmacy students\u2019 views and perceptions of SimMan, a human patient simulator","volume":"11","author":"Branch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-14-231","article-title":"A study to investigate the effectiveness of SimMan\u00ae as an adjunct in teaching preclinical skills to medical students","volume":"14","author":"Swamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2016-000106","article-title":"Choose your own story: combining interactive voting technology and high-fidelity patient simulations in the lecture theatre, for large group preclinical medical education","volume":"2","author":"Guilding","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9459(24)07691-5","article-title":"Pharmacy student response to patient-simulation mannequins to teach performance-based pharmacotherapeutics","volume":"70","author":"Seybert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2019.11.003","article-title":"SimMan 3G\u2122: manikin-led simulation orientation","volume":"40","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Simul Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib263","author":"Dempster"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/applbiosci4010006","article-title":"Review of the simulators used in pharmacology education and statistical models when creating the simulators","volume":"4","author":"Ara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-021-09798-1","article-title":"Understanding virtual patients efficiently and rigorously by combining machine learning with dynamical modelling","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"issue":"7873","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib267","article-title":"Curriculum frameworks and educational programs in AI for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians: scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Tolentino","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib268","article-title":"Artificial intelligence education: an evidence-based medicine approach for consumers, translators, and developers","volume":"4","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45461-2","article-title":"DynamicBind: predicting ligand-specific protein-ligand complex structure with a deep equivariant generative model","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib270","article-title":"How accurately can one predict drug binding modes using AlphaFold models?","volume":"12","author":"Karelina","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib271","article-title":"Impact of virtual reality on pharmacology education: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2024.2427603","article-title":"Implementing virtual reality in special education: teachers\u2019 perspectives","volume":"73","author":"Dechsling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Disabil Dev Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy9010019","article-title":"Leading a digital transformation in pharmacy education with a pandemic as the accelerant","volume":"9","author":"Mirzaian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-022-02225-3","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic-related adaptations of medical education in clinical pharmacology\u2014impact on students and lecturers at a German university","volume":"395","author":"Hafner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"s14","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.47836\/mjmhs.18.s14.10","article-title":"E-learning in pharmacology education during COVID 19 pandemic: students\u2019 preference & perception of assessments","volume":"18","author":"Azamam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malays J Med Health Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8149","article-title":"A paradigm shift in US experiential pharmacy education accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"84","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2022.221.823834","article-title":"Experiential pharmacy education in trying times: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Sakr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/jac5.1407","article-title":"Forces driving change in pharmacy education: opportunities to take academic, social, technological, economic, and political into the future","volume":"4","author":"Rhoney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib279","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Pharmacy students\u2019 mental health and resilience in COVID-19: an assessment after one year of online education","volume":"12","author":"Hammoudi Halat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202106140","article-title":"Transformation of the learning process in higher education institutions under the influence of the pandemic COVID-19","volume":"74","author":"Vaskivska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15695\/jstem\/v4i2.06","article-title":"Use of science lab simulation during a two-week virtual biomedical research training summer camp for underserved minority youth: a COVID-19 adjustment","volume":"4","author":"Karara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stem Outreach"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13567","article-title":"Game on: immersive virtual laboratory simulation improves student learning outcomes & motivation","volume":"13","author":"Tsirulnikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib283","article-title":"Hands-on practicals in pharmacology teaching at university level: outpaced by computer-based simulations, or is there a (blended) future?","volume":"996","author":"Wilhelmus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05157-z","article-title":"\u2018Pharmacotrophy\u2019: a playful tournament for game- and team-based learning in pharmacology education\u2014assessing its impact on students\u2019 performance","volume":"24","author":"Delage","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2024.102201","article-title":"Escape rooms in pharmacy education: more than just a game","volume":"16","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00289-4","article-title":"Adaptive e-learning environment based on learning styles and its impact on development students\u2019 engagement","volume":"18","author":"El-Sabagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol Higher Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8716","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe8716","article-title":"Advancing pharmacy education and workforce development amid the COVID-19 pandemic: report of the 2020\u20132021 AACP academic affairs committee","volume":"85","author":"Bzowyckyj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070220000662","article-title":"Summative assessment in higher education: practices in disarray","volume":"27","author":"Knight","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stud Higher Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib289","article-title":"A scoping review on the notions of Assessment as Learning (AaL), Assessment for Learning (AfL), and Assessment of Learning (AoL)","volume":"71","author":"Schellekens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud Educ Eval"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib290","series-title":"3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances, HEAd\u201917","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design, implementation and evaluation of an authentic assessment experience in a pharmacy course: are students getting it?","author":"Serrano Santos","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teln.2024.10.021","article-title":"Connecting nursing cohorts in authentic learning activities through a redesigned pharmacology curriculum","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Teach Learn Nurs"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.193311","article-title":"Role-play as an educational tool in medication communication skills: students\u2019 perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Lavanya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P4","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291404200115","article-title":"The virtual pharmacology lab \u2014 a repository of free educational resources to support animal-free pharmacology teaching","volume":"42","author":"Dewhurst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Altern Lab Anim"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-002-0556-8","article-title":"Student-designed clinical trials: evaluating self-directed learning in pharmacology","volume":"366","author":"Rangachari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp160112","article-title":"Implementation of an interprofessional clinical pharmacology selective learning experience for pharmacy residents and medical students","volume":"74","author":"Schramm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-023-01148-z","article-title":"A review of the benefits and drawbacks of high-stakes final examinations in higher education","volume":"88","author":"French","year":"2024","journal-title":"Higher Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2019.10.001","article-title":"Guidance for high-stakes testing within pharmacy educational assessment","volume":"12","author":"Peeters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70137","article-title":"Evaluating and leveraging large language models in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics assessment: from exam takers to exam shapers","author":"G\u00e9rard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib299","article-title":"Exploring the knowledge demands of a pharmacology assessment using Legitimation Code Theory","volume":"996","author":"Pignatelli-Espejo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2020.07.007","article-title":"Systematic review of student anxiety and performance during objective structured clinical examinations","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpp.12389","article-title":"Impact of test anxiety on pharmacy students\u2019 performance in Objective Structured Clinical Examination: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"26","author":"Hadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.21315\/eimj2017.9.2.4","article-title":"Mock OSCEs improve medical students\u2019 confidence and reduce anxiety related to summative examinations","volume":"9","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"EIMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.17-07-0146","article-title":"Scientific presenting: using evidence-based classroom practices to deliver effective conference presentations","volume":"17","author":"Corwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"CBE Life Sci Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6505","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe6505","article-title":"Using a novel student-centered teaching method to improve pharmacy student learning","volume":"83","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-017-0345-1","article-title":"What programmatic assessment in medical education can learn from healthcare","volume":"6","author":"Schuwirth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00926","article-title":"Programmatic assessment: the process, rationale and evidence for modern evaluation approaches in medical education","volume":"209","author":"van der Vleuten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-020-00625-W","article-title":"Where the rubber meets the road\u2014an integrative review of programmatic assessment in health care professions education","volume":"10","author":"Schut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12100717","article-title":"Implementation of programmatic assessment: challenges and lessons learned","volume":"12","author":"Govaerts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib309","series-title":"Assessment as Learning","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment-as-learning in the global assessment reforms","author":"Yan","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/35820","article-title":"Assessment as learning in medical education: feasibility and perceived impact of student-generated formative assessments","volume":"8","author":"Lakhtakia","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib311","first-page":"26","article-title":"Student-creation of eCases for clinical reasoning in pharmacy","volume":"1","author":"Yeung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australas J Peer Learn"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1148","article-title":"Student perceptions of scientific writing in pharmacology: student generation of collaborative rubrics to score a social pharmacology writing project","volume":"11","author":"Enslein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe7810191","article-title":"A workshop series using peer-grading to build drug information, writing, critical-thinking, and constructive feedback skills","volume":"78","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2014.11.018","article-title":"Does self-reflection and peer-assessment improve Saudi pharmacy students\u2019 academic performance and metacognitive skills?","volume":"23","author":"Yusuff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib315","first-page":"2","article-title":"The case for authentic assessment","volume":"2","author":"Wiggins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1108\/JWAM-02-2021-0014","article-title":"Using reflective, authentic assessments to embed employability skills in higher education","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Work-Appl Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13941","article-title":"Using a \u201cStudents as Partners\u201d model to develop an authentic assessment promoting employability skills in undergraduate life science education","volume":"15","author":"Van","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2025.102280","article-title":"Empowering students in curriculum design and pedagogy: perceptions of pharmacy students as partners; A qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Maharajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2023.12.028","article-title":"What\u2019s been trending with OSCEs in pharmacy education over the last 20 years? A bibliometric review and content analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"7987","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib320","article-title":"Preparing for OSCEs in pharmacy training","volume":"313","author":"Laura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/NJPT.NJPT_20_24","article-title":"Objective structured practical examination in pharmacology MBBS assessment","volume":"2","author":"Badyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl J Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_519_16","article-title":"Standardization and validation of objective structured practical examination in pharmacology: our experience and lessons learned","volume":"49","author":"Shenoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2024.2435022","article-title":"\u201cA pilot trial of objective structured practical examinations (OSPEs) in non-vocational science-based degrees","volume":"62","author":"Karunaratne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov Educ Teach Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2019.03.014","article-title":"Quizzing for success: evaluation of the impact of feedback quizzes on the experiences and academic performance of undergraduate students in two clinical pharmacokinetics courses","volume":"11","author":"Hennig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib325","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effective use of a range of authentic assessments in a web assisted pharmacology course","volume":"5","author":"Nydia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200105000-00070","article-title":"Online peer evaluation in basic pharmacology","volume":"76","author":"Cuddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib327","article-title":"Introduction to tobacco cessation and motivational interviewing: evaluation of a lecture and case-based learning activity for medical students","volume":"16","author":"Berger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.13118","article-title":"Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to simulate the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular antiretroviral drugs","volume":"13","author":"Bettonte","year":"2024","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib329","first-page":"207","article-title":"Is it possible to meet the learning objectives of undergraduate pharmacology classes with non-animal models","volume":"14","author":"Dewhurst","year":"2008","journal-title":"AATEX"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00138871","article-title":"Enhancing teaching through constructive alignment","volume":"32","author":"Biggs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Higher Educ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2019.1582015","article-title":"The role of authentic assessment to preserve academic integrity and promote skill development and employability","volume":"45","author":"Sotiriadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud Higher Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib332","series-title":"Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Diverging assessments: what, why, and experiences","author":"Sakzad","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11030054","article-title":"Creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration: assessment, certification, and promotion of 21st century skills for the future of work and education","volume":"11","author":"Thornhill-Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib334","article-title":"Quality and impact of pharmacology digital simulation education on pre-registration healthcare students: a systematic literature review","volume":"140","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib335","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of a preprescribing formative assessment on learning in final-year medical students using hospital inpatient electronic prescribing systems","author":"Charles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib336","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prescribing competence: the pros and cons of different methods for assessment","author":"Brinkman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9968","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62339-4","article-title":"Prescribing safety: ensuring that new graduates are prepared","volume":"385","author":"Maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10195","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31526-0","article-title":"Improving medication safety: focus on prescribers and systems","volume":"394","author":"Maxwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpp.12479","article-title":"Exploring the utility of the Prescribing Safety Assessment in pharmacy education in England: experiences of pre-registration trainees and undergraduate (MPharm) pharmacy students","volume":"27","author":"Hardisty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02686-1","article-title":"Towards a \u201cprescribing license\u201d for medical students: development and quality evaluation of an assessment for safe prescribing","volume":"75","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-022-03301-6","article-title":"The European Prescribing Exam: assessing whether European medical students can prescribe rationally and safely","volume":"78","author":"Donker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15814","article-title":"Evaluation of the Prescribing Skills Assessment implementation, performance and medical student experience in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"89","author":"Chin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2019.050","article-title":"The prescribing skills assessment: a step towards safer prescribing","volume":"42","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1461-9","article-title":"The specialty clinical pharmacology needs to be examined separately to guarantee a sufficient level of knowledge in medical students","volume":"69","author":"Wallerstedt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-016-2192-0","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 medication communication skills regarding drug prescription-a qualitative analysis of simulated physician-patient consultations","volume":"73","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2017-000220","article-title":"Simulation-based education to improve communication skills: a systematic review and identification of current best practice","volume":"4","author":"Blackmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn"},{"issue":"236","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","article-title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","volume":"59","author":"Turing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"7971","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02361-7","article-title":"ChatGPT broke the Turing test-the race is on for new ways to assess AI","volume":"619","author":"Biever","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib350","unstructured":"British Pharmacological Society. Pharmacology education and employment landscape report: Webb. Jisc Artificial Intelligence. A generative AI primer. Accessed April 1, 2026. https:\/\/nationalcentreforai.jiscinvolve.org\/wp\/2026\/01\/27\/generative-ai-primer\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib351","unstructured":"Reich R. Guardian news. Now AI can write students\u2019 essays for them, will everyone become a cheat? Accessed April 1, 2026. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/nov\/28\/ai-students-essays-cheat-teachers-plagiarism-tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib353","author":"Kleinman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595","article-title":"ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations","volume":"6","author":"Dave","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib355","author":"Gurman"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01692-3","article-title":"The unwitting labourer: extracting humanness in AI training","volume":"39","author":"Morreale","year":"2023","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.01.098","article-title":"Estimating the environmental impact of Generative-AI services using an LCA-based methodology","volume":"122","author":"Berthelot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"issue":"2270","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib358","article-title":"GPT-4 passes the bar exam","volume":"382","author":"Katz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models","volume":"2","author":"Kung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib360","article-title":"Perception, performance, and detectability of conversational artificial intelligence across 32 university courses","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305354","article-title":"A real-world test of artificial intelligence infiltration of a university examinations system: a \u201cTuring Test\u201d case study","volume":"19","author":"Scarfe","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib362","article-title":"Can AI-generated text be reliably detected?","author":"Sadasivan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib364","author":"Chechitelli"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib365","article-title":"Towards possibilities & impossibilities of Ai-generated text detection: a survey","author":"Ghosal","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2023.100779","article-title":"GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib367","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and healthcare simulation: the shifting landscape of medical education","volume":"16","author":"Hamilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/49877","article-title":"ChatGPT interactive medical simulations for early clinical education: case study","volume":"9","author":"Scherr","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib369","article-title":"Proof of concept: using ChatGPT to teach emergency physicians how to break bad news","volume":"15","author":"Webb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/51346","article-title":"ChatGPT as a tool for medical education and clinical decision-making on the wards: case study","volume":"8","author":"Skryd","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/jme-137753","article-title":"Employing large language models for surgical education: an in-depth analysis of ChatGPT-4","volume":"22","author":"Siu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290691","article-title":"ChatGPT versus human in generating medical graduate exam multiple choice questions-A multinational prospective study (Hong Kong S.A.R., Singapore, Ireland, and the United Kingdom)","volume":"18","author":"Cheung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005626","article-title":"Large language models in medical education: comparing ChatGPT- to human-generated exam questions","volume":"99","author":"Laupichler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/ime3010004","article-title":"Examining the efficacy of ChatGPT in marking short-answer assessments in an undergraduate medical program","volume":"3","author":"Morjaria","year":"2024","journal-title":"IME"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib375","author":"Schultze"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1037\/mac0000083","article-title":"User-generated digital flashcards yield better learning than premade flashcards","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Res Mem Cogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib377","article-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4038\/cjo.v13i1.5380","article-title":"Exploring the pros and cons of integrating artificial intelligence and ChatGPT in medical education: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lakshan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceylon J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231180950","article-title":"The utilization of ChatGPT in reshaping future medical education and learning perspectives: a curse or a blessing?","volume":"90","author":"Breeding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2024.01.014","article-title":"Evaluating the role of ChatGPT as a study aid in medical education in surgery","volume":"81","author":"Araji","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.08.015","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and prediction case studies","volume":"6","author":"Rong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib382","article-title":"Reimagining healthcare: unleashing the power of artificial intelligence in medicine","volume":"15","author":"Iqbal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15930","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning for clinical pharmacology","volume":"90","author":"Ryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030332","article-title":"Advancing precision medicine: a review of innovative in silico approaches for drug development, Clinical Pharmacology and personalized healthcare","volume":"16","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13431","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in pharmacology research and practice","volume":"16","author":"van der Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126_bib386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00832-8","article-title":"Augmenting large language models with chemistry tools","volume":"6","author":"M Bran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699726000141?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699726000141?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:42:56Z","timestamp":1779446576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031699726000141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":364,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031699726000141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6997","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reimagining pharmacology education","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100126","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100126"}}