{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:05:59Z","timestamp":1790247959528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,9,3]],"date-time":"2027-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1819929600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":367,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY036503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY036503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pharmrev.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:20:57Z","timestamp":1784179257000},"page":"100152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hunting gremlins: GREM1 as a new therapeutic target for multiple diseases including glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0688-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Siderovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishanth","family":"Myneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5178-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Botross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7704-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinkal D.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3594-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbot F.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-024-00207-9","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 family signaling in human stem cell self-renewal and differentiation","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Regen"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.036","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health and disease","volume":"186","author":"Massagu\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3434","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 signalling in context","volume":"13","author":"Massague","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021873","article-title":"TGF-beta and the TGF-beta Family: context-dependent roles in cell and tissue physiology","volume":"8","author":"Morikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174510","article-title":"TGF\u03b2-induced fibrosis: a review on the underlying mechanism and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"911","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib6","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b2 latency: a mechanism of cytokine storage and signalling regulation in liver homeostasis and disease","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"570","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aav5183","article-title":"Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-\u03b2 family signaling","volume":"12","author":"Derynck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.315","article-title":"Endocytic regulation of TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022061","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling from receptors to Smads","volume":"8","author":"Hata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022053","article-title":"Signaling receptors for TGF-\u03b2 family members","volume":"8","author":"Heldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030487","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling","volume":"10","author":"Tzavlaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022095","article-title":"Regulation of TGF-\u03b2 family signaling by inhibitory Smads","volume":"9","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.790","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans genes sma-2, sma-3, and sma-4 define a conserved family of transforming growth factor beta pathway components","volume":"93","author":"Savage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.09.002","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 receptors: in and beyond TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"52","author":"Vander Ark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2014.07.005","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7596","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07596","article-title":"Smad9 is a new type of transcriptional regulator in bone morphogenetic protein signaling","volume":"23","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-556993","article-title":"BMP signaling balances murine myeloid potential through SMAD-independent p38MAPK and NOTCH pathways","volume":"124","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160254","article-title":"Structure of Gremlin-1 and analysis of its interaction with BMP-2","volume":"473","author":"Kisonaite","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbplus.2021.100071","article-title":"BMP antagonists in tissue development and disease","volume":"11","author":"Correns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matrix Biol Plus"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12724","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists: current and emerging clinical uses","volume":"171","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02307-2021","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by modulating cellular senescence and mitophagy in lung fibroblasts","volume":"60","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20611","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 suppresses TGF\u03b22-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the lens: implications for cataract prevention","volume":"58","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037041","article-title":"PLAU and GREM1 are prognostic biomarkers for predicting immune response in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"103","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.12.8785","article-title":"Biosynthesis, post-translation modification, and functional characterization of Drm\/Gremlin","volume":"275","author":"Topol","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110780","article-title":"Identification of a novel GREMLIN1 uptake pathway in epithelial cells that requires BMP binding","volume":"301","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14080578","article-title":"The role of GREMLIN1, a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, in cancer stem cell regulation","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-291930","article-title":"Gremlin is a novel agonist of the major proangiogenic receptor VEGFR2","volume":"116","author":"Mitola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.12.006","article-title":"The binding of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin to kidney heparan sulfate: such binding is not essential for BMP antagonism","volume":"83","author":"Tatsinkam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.235184","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate the angiogenic activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 agonist gremlin","volume":"31","author":"Chiodelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00380-3","article-title":"Gremlin1 is a therapeutically targetable FGFR1 ligand that regulates lineage plasticity and castration resistance in prostate cancer","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0945-0","article-title":"Gremlin-1 augments the oestrogen-related receptor alpha signalling through EGFR activation: implications for the progression of breast cancer","volume":"123","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18041","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC119.010148","article-title":"No evidence of Gremlin1-mediated activation of VEGFR2 signaling in endothelial cells","volume":"294","author":"Dutton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56221-1","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of penta- and tetradactyl mouse limb buds identifies mesenchymal progenitors controlling digit numbers and identities","volume":"16","author":"Palacio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdev.2025.203994","article-title":"Extravillous trophoblasts reverse the decidualization induced increase in matrix production by secreting TGF\u03b2 antagonists Emilin-1 and Gremlin-1","volume":"181","author":"Suhail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5450","article-title":"Gremlin 1 depletion in vivo causes severe enteropathy and bone marrow failure","volume":"251","author":"Rowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5479","article-title":"Gremlin 1 - small protein, big impact: the multiorgan consequences of disrupted BMP antagonism(dagger)","volume":"251","author":"Gooding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx194","article-title":"Gremlin and renal diseases: ready to jump the fence to clinical utility?","volume":"33","author":"Mezzano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.03.052","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein pathway antagonism by Grem1 regulates epithelial cell fate in intestinal regeneration","volume":"161","author":"Koppens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081203","article-title":"Overexpression of GREM1 improves the survival capacity of aged cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells via upregulation of the ERK\/NRF2-associated antioxidant signal pathway","volume":"12","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.195883","article-title":"The BMP antagonist gremlin 1 contributes to the development of cortical excitatory neurons, motor balance and fear responses","volume":"148","author":"Ichinose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114649","article-title":"Expression mapping of GREM1 and functional contribution of its secreting cells in the brain using transgenic mouse models","volume":"373","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000015568","article-title":"DRM\/GREMLIN (CKTSF1B1) maps to human chromosome 15 and is highly expressed in adult and fetal brain","volume":"89","author":"Topol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytogenet Cell Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178002","article-title":"GREM1: dual roles in cancer and fibrosis with emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"1004","author":"Elizarraras-Rivas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-024-01474-8","article-title":"Gremlin1: a BMP antagonist with therapeutic potential in Oncology","volume":"42","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13824","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15972","article-title":"Role of miR-218-GREM1 axis in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma: an in vivo and vitro study based on microarray data","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2025.119962","article-title":"New insights into Gremlin-1: a tumour microenvironment landscape re-engineer and potential therapeutic target","volume":"1872","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2023.2665","article-title":"Current status and prospects of GREM1 research in cancer (review)","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-023-00777-4","article-title":"GREM1 signaling in cancer: tumor promotor and suppressor?","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020301","article-title":"Insights into the role of Gremlin-1, a bone morphogenic protein antagonist, in cancer initiation and progression","volume":"10","author":"Elemam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057911","article-title":"Molecular profiling of multiple human cancers defines an inflammatory cancer-associated molecular pattern and uncovers KPNA2 as a uniform poor prognostic cancer marker","volume":"8","author":"Rachidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02363-6","article-title":"Ex.50.T aptamer impairs tumor-stroma cross-talk in breast cancer by targeting gremlin-1","volume":"11","author":"Quintavalle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1194-0","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived Gremlin 1 promotes breast cancer progression","volume":"21","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4367","article-title":"Clinical significance of Gremlin 1 in cervical cancer and its effects on cancer stem cell maintenance","volume":"35","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.14277","article-title":"Identification of cathepsin K in the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian carcinoma using in-silico, gene expression analysis","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.951582","article-title":"Integrative analysis from multicenter studies identifies a WGCNA-derived cancer-associated fibroblast signature for ovarian cancer","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2023.2289681","article-title":"Discovery of ginisortamab, a potent and novel anti-gremlin-1 antibody in clinical development for the treatment of cancer","volume":"15","author":"Davies","year":"2023","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib57","article-title":"A comprehensive prognostic and immunological implications of Gremlin 1 in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-023-01229-9","article-title":"Identification of novel protein biomarkers and drug targets for colorectal cancer by integrating human plasma proteome with genome","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-025-09545-5","article-title":"Associations of plasma protein levels with risk of colorectal cancer: a proteome-wide Mendelian randomization study","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Proteomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150523","article-title":"GREM1 Is a Key Regulator of Synoviocyte Hyperplasia and Invasiveness","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002105","article-title":"Multiple common susceptibility variants near BMP pathway loci GREM1, BMP4, and BMP2 explain part of the missing heritability of colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672315000105","article-title":"GREM1 germline mutation screening in Ashkenazi Jewish patients with familial colorectal cancer","volume":"97","author":"Laitman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet Res (Camb)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2263","article-title":"Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome is caused by a 40-kb upstream duplication that leads to increased and ectopic expression of the BMP antagonist GREM1","volume":"44","author":"Jaeger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3750","article-title":"Aberrant epithelial GREM1 expression initiates colonic tumorigenesis from cells outside the stem cell niche","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60364-6","article-title":"Epithelial GREMLIN1 disrupts intestinal epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk to induce a wnt-dependent ectopic stem cell niche through stromal remodelling","volume":"16","author":"Mulholland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606857103","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor cell proliferation","volume":"103","author":"Sneddon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.011","article-title":"The BALANCE OF STROMAL BMP signaling mediated by GREM1 and ISLR drives colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"160","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae175","article-title":"A proteogenomic analysis of the adiposity colorectal cancer relationship identifies GREM1 as a probable mediator","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-023-03128-0","article-title":"GREM1 is a potential biomarker for the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib70","article-title":"GREM1 may be a biological indicator and potential target of bladder cancer","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib71","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of cuproptosis-related genes on bladder cancer prognosis, tumor microenvironment invasion, and drug sensitivity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib72","article-title":"GREM1 is a novel serum diagnostic marker and potential therapeutic target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"7917","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04888-7","article-title":"GREM1 is required to maintain cellular heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer","volume":"607","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090442","article-title":"Prognostic significance of Gremlin1 (GREM1) promoter CpG island hypermethylation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"176","author":"van Vlodrop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.493","article-title":"Identification of candidate tumour suppressor genes frequently methylated in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1236","article-title":"A four-gene promoter methylation marker panel consisting of GREM1, NEURL, LAD1, and NEFH predicts survival of clear cell renal cell cancer patients","volume":"23","author":"van Vlodrop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174565","article-title":"GREM1 is expressed in the cancer-associated myofibroblasts of basal cell carcinomas","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.111619","article-title":"GREM1 overexpression inhibits proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of osteosarcoma","volume":"384","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35418","article-title":"GREM1 deficiency induced bone marrow adipose niche promotes B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia disease progression","volume":"157","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-025-00933-2","article-title":"A Gremlin 1-expressing splenic niche cell population restrains chronic myeloid leukemia by antagonizing the BMP pathway","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030279","article-title":"Demethyleneberberine alleviates pulmonary fibrosis through disruption of USP11 deubiquitinating GREM1","volume":"17","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03964-x","article-title":"Gremlin: a complex molecule regulating wound healing and fibrosis","volume":"78","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86198","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13365","article-title":"Suppression of hepatic stellate cell activation through downregulation of gremlin1 expression by the miR-23b\/27b cluster","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2023.06.016","article-title":"TAF15 regulates the BRD4\/GREM1 axis and activates the gremlin-1-NF-kappaB pathway to promote OA progression","volume":"24","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00344.2016","article-title":"Gremlin1 plays a key role in kidney development and renal fibrosis","volume":"312","author":"Church","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24559","article-title":"Gremlin aggravates hyperglycemia-induced podocyte injury by a TGF\u03b2\/smad dependent signaling pathway","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43358-5","article-title":"Gremlin, a potential urinary biomarker of anca-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis","volume":"9","author":"Droguett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F559","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00023.2015","article-title":"Tubular overexpression of Gremlin in transgenic mice aggravates renal damage in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"309","author":"Marchant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009070773","article-title":"A GREM1 gene variant associates with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"McKnight","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051263","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-4 inhibitor gremlin is overexpressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"169","author":"Koli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149464","article-title":"Identification and analysis of extracellular matrix and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation","volume":"956","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-023-00216-0","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Alsomali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2300","article-title":"Gremlin localization and expression levels partially differentiate idiopathic interstitial pneumonia severity and subtype","volume":"214","author":"Myllarniemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.10.032","article-title":"Altered expression of bone morphogenetic protein accessory proteins in murine and human pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"186","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200706-945OC","article-title":"Gremlin-mediated decrease in bone morphogenetic protein signaling promotes pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"177","author":"Myllarniemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2010.01590.x","article-title":"Genetic variation in GREM1 is a risk factor for fibrosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"77","author":"Heron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.95185","article-title":"Evaluation of Gremlin-1 as a therapeutic target in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Horn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/23971983211036571","article-title":"Circulating Gremlin-1 is elevated in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"6","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Scleroderma Relat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf021","article-title":"Novel transcriptomic signatures in fibrostenotic Crohn's disease: dysregulated pathways, promising biomarkers, and putative therapeutic targets","volume":"31","author":"Acharjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib100","article-title":"Targeting Gremlin 1 prevents intestinal fibrosis progression by inhibiting the fatty acid oxidation of fibroblast cells","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G70","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00074.2024","article-title":"Non-TGF\u03b2 profibrotic signaling in ulcerative colitis after in vivo experimental intestinal injury in humans","volume":"327","author":"Seidelin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107778","article-title":"Biomarkers prediction and immune landscape in ulcerative colitis: findings based on bioinformatics and machine learning","volume":"168","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib103","first-page":"457","article-title":"Overexpression of Gremlin1 in Crohn's disease-associated bowel strictures","volume":"53","author":"Younes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01520-z","article-title":"Recent developments on BMPs and their antagonists in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42199-1","article-title":"Loss of Grem1-lineage chondrogenic progenitor cells causes osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23404","article-title":"Gremlin-1 promotes IL-1\u03b2-stimulated chondrocyte inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation via activation of the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00753-9","article-title":"Grem1 accelerates nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting TGF-beta-mediated Smad2\/3 phosphorylation","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052548","article-title":"Analysis of the association between copy number variation and ventricular fibrillation in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction","volume":"25","author":"Lorente-Bermudez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9735-5","article-title":"Intrinsic BMP antagonist Gremlin-1 as a novel circulating marker in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"193","author":"Wellbrock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038125","article-title":"Gremlin plays a key role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"125","author":"Cahill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.07.017","article-title":"Treatment with anti-gremlin 1 antibody ameliorates chronic hypoxia\/SU5416-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice","volume":"183","author":"Ciuclan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.12.007","article-title":"Elevated levels of gremlin-1 in eutopic endometrium and peripheral serum in patients with endometriosis","volume":"91","author":"Sha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036707","article-title":"Identification of central genes for endometriosis through integration of single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing analysis","volume":"102","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112745","article-title":"Exome sequencing in 53 sporadic cases of schizophrenia identifies 18 putative candidate genes","volume":"9","author":"Guipponi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.11.007","article-title":"The expression of immune related genes and potential regulatory mechanisms in schizophrenia","volume":"267","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.088","article-title":"Dysregulated glial differentiation in schizophrenia may be relieved by suppression of SMAD4- and REST-dependent signaling","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.09.004","article-title":"Role of gremlin-1 in the pathophysiology of the adipose tissues","volume":"69","author":"Grillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82214-z","article-title":"Predictive roles of Asprosin and Gremlin-1 expression in Egyptian pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Abas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0701","article-title":"The novel adipokine Gremlin 1 antagonizes insulin action and is increased in type 2 diabetes and NAFLD\/NASH","volume":"69","author":"Hedjazifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib120","article-title":"Gremlin in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and the downregulation of gremlin in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"2020","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib121","first-page":"625","article-title":"Gremlin-1: an endogenous BMP antagonist induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and interferes with redifferentiation in fetal RPE cells with repeated wounds","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0360941","article-title":"Regulation and consequences of differential gene expression in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2014.078774","article-title":"Targeting cellular drivers and counter-regulators of hyperglycaemia- and transforming growth factor-beta1-associated profibrotic responses in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"99","author":"Docherty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22509","article-title":"High plasma levels of Gremlin-1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor, but not their ratio, indicate an increased risk for acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"39","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8240","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158240","article-title":"Expression of osteopontin and Gremlin 1 proteins in cardiomyocytes in ischemic heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Kupryte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00620-x","article-title":"BMP4 and Gremlin 1 regulate hepatic cell senescence during clinical progression of NAFLD\/NASH","volume":"4","author":"Baboota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31635","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.477745","article-title":"Gremlin-1 is an inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and attenuates atherosclerotic plaque growth in ApoE-\/- Mice","volume":"288","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.051","article-title":"Gremlin-1 inhibits macrophage migration inhibitory factor-dependent monocyte function and survival","volume":"176","author":"Muller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4537","article-title":"Gremlin regulates renal inflammation via the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathway","volume":"236","author":"Lavoz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171553","article-title":"Gremlin activates the Notch pathway linked to renal inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Lavoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-08-0665","article-title":"Platelets as a novel source of Gremlin-1: implications for thromboinflammation","volume":"117","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040001","article-title":"Unveiling the significance of Gremlin-1 as a novel biomarker for enhanced severity prediction in COVID-19 patients","volume":"103","author":"Celik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0724-4","article-title":"A brief review of the histopathology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)","volume":"34","author":"Mudhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.85735","article-title":"Angiogenic and fibrogenic dual-effect of Gremlin1 on proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1632125","article-title":"Gremlin is a potential target for posterior capsular opacification","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.12.013","article-title":"Global glaucoma prevalence: burden and projection to 2060","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9774","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61423-7","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"377","author":"Quigley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.67","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"2","author":"Weinreb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib140","article-title":"Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.701","article-title":"The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Kass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00538-9","article-title":"The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration","volume":"130","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805225130","article-title":"Inherited glaucoma in DBA\/2J mice: pertinent disease features for studying the neurodegeneration","volume":"22","author":"Libby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00400-9","article-title":"CNS axonal degeneration and transport deficits at the optic nerve head precede structural and functional loss of retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of glaucoma","volume":"15","author":"Maddineni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000169410.09258.bf","article-title":"Elevated intraocular pressure and optic nerve injury models in the rat","volume":"14","author":"Morrison","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031373030","article-title":"Laser-induced primate glaucoma. I. Progression of cupping","volume":"102","author":"Pederson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.006","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for primary glaucomas in adult urban and rural populations in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"117","author":"Garudadri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2022.05.002","article-title":"Glaucoma - risk factors and current challenges in the diagnosis of a leading cause of visual impairment","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"R1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx184","article-title":"Genetics of glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Wiggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199111143252004","article-title":"Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in east Baltimore","volume":"325","author":"Sommer","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283360b1e","article-title":"Glaucoma in latinos\/hispanics","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307223","article-title":"Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Kapetanakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01428-5","article-title":"Large-scale multitrait genome-wide association analyses identify hundreds of glaucoma risk loci","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-199510000-00010","article-title":"Basic sciences in clinical glaucoma: steroids, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010819005","article-title":"The prognosis of corticosteroid-responsive individuals","volume":"99","author":"Kitazawa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90595-8","article-title":"Intraocular pressure response to topical dexamethasone as a predictor for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"106","author":"Lewis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.10.1268","article-title":"Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial","volume":"120","author":"Heijl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5S","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2025.08.002","article-title":"Then and now: medical therapy for glaucoma","volume":"8","author":"Miller-Ellis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03773-2","article-title":"New trends in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma: a critical review","volume":"45","author":"Bilal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib160","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and patient-reported outcomes of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery techniques over the past decade","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1158","article-title":"Aqueous humor in glaucomatous eyes contains an increased level of TGF-beta 2","volume":"59","author":"Tripathi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib162","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Cultured human trabecular meshwork cells express functional growth factor receptors","volume":"39","author":"Wordinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20803","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits TGF-\u03b22 stimulation of extracellular matrix proteins in optic nerve head cells: role of gremlin in ECM modulation","volume":"57","author":"Zode","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170000241","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta 2 levels in aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes","volume":"239","author":"Inatani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170000252","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta 2 levels in the aqueous humor in different types of glaucoma and the relation to filtering bleb development","volume":"239","author":"Picht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib166","first-page":"612","article-title":"Aqueous humor TGF-\u03b22 levels in patients with open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.011","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta2 utilizes the canonical Smad-signaling pathway to regulate tissue transglutaminase expression in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"93","author":"Tovar-Vidales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.2.209","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta isoforms in human optic nerve heads","volume":"83","author":"Pena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib169","first-page":"1745","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta2 increases extracellular matrix proteins in optic nerve head cells via activation of the Smad signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zode","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12298","article-title":"Cellular fibronectin expression in human trabecular meshwork and induction by transforming growth factor-beta2","volume":"54","author":"Medina-Ortiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.007","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and the mechanisms involved in resistance of the aqueous humor flow in the trabecular meshwork outflow pathways","volume":"134","author":"Tamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.02.008","article-title":"Morphological changes in glaucomatous eyes and the role of TGF\u03b22 for the pathogenesis of the disease","volume":"81","author":"Lutjen-Drecoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1060","article-title":"TGF\u03b22-induced changes in human trabecular meshwork: implications for intraocular pressure","volume":"47","author":"Fleenor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0649","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta 2 modulated extracellular matrix component expression in cultured human optic nerve head astrocytes","volume":"46","author":"Fuchshofer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.009","article-title":"Knockout of tissue transglutaminase ameliorates TGF\u03b22-induced ocular hypertension: a novel therapeutic target for glaucoma?","volume":"171","author":"Raychaudhuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7287","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta induces extracellular matrix protein cross-linking lysyl oxidase (LOX) genes in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"52","author":"Sethi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.05.011","article-title":"Gremlin utilizes canonical and non-canonical TGF\u03b2 signaling to induce lysyl oxidase (LOX) genes in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"113","author":"Sethi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00220-3","article-title":"The effect of TGF-\u03b22 on human trabecular meshwork extracellular proteolytic system","volume":"77","author":"Fuchshofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.005","article-title":"Modulation of extracellular matrix turnover in the trabecular meshwork","volume":"88","author":"Fuchshofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0796","article-title":"Effects of TGF-\u03b22 in perfused human eyes","volume":"45","author":"Gottanka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4567","article-title":"Adenoviral gene transfer of active human transforming growth factor-{beta}2 elevates intraocular pressure and reduces outflow facility in rodent eyes","volume":"51","author":"Shepard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.017","article-title":"Smad3 is necessary for transforming growth factor-beta2 induced ocular hypertension in mice","volume":"116","author":"McDowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0296","article-title":"Effects of TGF-\u03b22, BMP-4, and gremlin in the trabecular meshwork: implications for glaucoma","volume":"48","author":"Wordinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib184","first-page":"241","article-title":"Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), BMP receptors, and BMP associated proteins in human trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head cells and tissues","volume":"8","author":"Wordinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7587","article-title":"Role of TGF\u03b2\/Smad signaling in gremlin induction of human trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix proteins","volume":"52","author":"Sethi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0226","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is an antagonist of transforming growth factor-beta2 in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"48","author":"Fuchshofer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2014.12.004","article-title":"BMP signalling: agony and antagony in the family","volume":"25","author":"Brazil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1045411","article-title":"CCN2\/CTGF tip the balance of growth factors towards TGF-\u03b22 in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Dillinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.07.014","article-title":"The pathogenic role of transforming growth factor-beta2 in glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve head","volume":"93","author":"Fuchshofer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16993","article-title":"Gremlin induces ocular hypertension in mice through Smad3-dependent signaling","volume":"56","author":"McDowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.008","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor induces extracellular matrix deposition in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"88","author":"Junglas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.02.030","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor causes glaucoma by modifying the actin cytoskeleton of the trabecular meshwork","volume":"180","author":"Junglas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(08)70052-8","article-title":"Aptamers as potential nucleic acid pharmaceuticals","volume":"1","author":"Ellington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechnol Annu Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22050706","article-title":"Generation and applications of a DNA aptamer against Gremlin-1","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.11.016","article-title":"Focus on molecules: gremlin","volume":"87","author":"Wordinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54655-z","article-title":"AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study","volume":"14","author":"Atomwise","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2010.01.008","article-title":"Extracellular BMP-antagonist regulation in development and disease: tied up in knots","volume":"20","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35353","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9286","article-title":"Monomeric gremlin is a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antagonist","volume":"7","author":"Grillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894018807205","article-title":"EXPRESS: Gremlin1 blocks vascular endothelial growth factor signalling in the pulmonary microvascular endothelium","volume":"10","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1021\/ci800324m","article-title":"Identifying and characterizing binding sites and assessing druggability","volume":"49","author":"Halgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2007.00483.x","article-title":"New method for fast and accurate binding-site identification and analysis","volume":"69","author":"Halgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.07.046","article-title":"Structure of Gremlin-2 in complex with GDF5 gives insight into DAN-family-mediated BMP antagonism","volume":"16","author":"Nolan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202400342","article-title":"How to find a fragment: methods for screening and validation in fragment-based drug discovery","volume":"19","author":"Kirkman","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W194","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae415","article-title":"CASTpFold: computed atlas of surface topography of the universe of protein Folds","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky473","article-title":"CASTp 3.0: computed atlas of surface topography of proteins","volume":"46","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4015714","article-title":"Peptoid polymers: a highly designable bioinspired material","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135961","article-title":"In vivo, in vitro, and in silico characterization of peptoids as antimicrobial agents","volume":"11","author":"Czyzewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-016-1902-1","article-title":"Peptoids and polypeptoids: biomimetic and bioinspired materials for biomedical applications","volume":"74","author":"Ganesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymer Bulletin"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141230798","article-title":"Protacs: chimeric molecules that target proteins to the Skp1-Cullin-F box complex for ubiquitination and degradation","volume":"98","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1858","article-title":"Catalytic in vivo protein knockdown by small-molecule PROTACs","volume":"11","author":"Bondeson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI175265","article-title":"Induced protein degradation for therapeutics: past, present, and future","volume":"134","author":"Yoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.211","article-title":"Induced protein degradation: an emerging drug discovery paradigm","volume":"16","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0055-1","article-title":"PROTAC-induced BTK degradation as a novel therapy for mutated BTK C481S induced ibrutinib-resistant B-cell malignancies","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5b00216","article-title":"Selective small molecule induced degradation of the BET bromodomain protein BRD4","volume":"10","author":"Zengerle","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110611","article-title":"Developing inhibitors of the guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis accelerating activity of regulator of G protein signaling-14","volume":"301","author":"Agogo-Mawuli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib216","article-title":"Unlocking N. fowleri\u2019s secrets: unique self-activating proteins for drug discovery","volume":"10","author":"Bosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Target Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6177","DOI":"10.1021\/jm051256o","article-title":"Extra precision glide: docking and scoring incorporating a model of hydrophobic enclosure for protein-ligand complexes","volume":"49","author":"Friesner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"489","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar4953","article-title":"A BMP\/activin A chimera is superior to native BMPs and induces bone repair in nonhuman primates when delivered in a composite matrix","volume":"11","author":"Seeherman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib219","first-page":"75","article-title":"High-affinity immobilization of proteins using biotin- and GST-based coupling strategies","volume":"627","author":"Hutsell","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152_bib220","first-page":"91","article-title":"A capture coupling method for the covalent immobilization of hexahistidine tagged proteins for surface plasmon resonance","volume":"627","author":"Kimple","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699726000402?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031699726000402?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:25:26Z","timestamp":1790245526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031699726000402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":220,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031699726000402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6997","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hunting gremlins: GREM1 as a new therapeutic target for multiple diseases including glaucoma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmr.2026.100152","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100152"}}