{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:11:58Z","timestamp":1791684718177,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T20:25:30Z","timestamp":1590524730000},"page":"107587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: A potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Tianxiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songyuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Libby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Ping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8017","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00998-13","article-title":"Novel inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry that act by three distinct mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Adedeji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostini, M. L., Andres, E. L., Sims, A. C., Graham, R. L., Sheahan, T. P., Lu, X., Smith, E. C., Case, J. B., Feng, J. Y., Jordan, R., Ray, A. S., Cihlar, T., Siegel, D., Mackman, R. L., Clarke, M. O., Baric, R. S., & Denison, M. R. (2018). Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. mBio, 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.293","article-title":"Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases","volume":"5","author":"Al-Bari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1205","article-title":"Cathepsin S controls MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by epithelial cells in vivo","volume":"174","author":"Beers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020978","article-title":"Differential regulation of cathepsin S and cathepsin L in interferon gamma-treated macrophages","volume":"197","author":"Beers","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011","article-title":"Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein","volume":"4","author":"Belouzard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03372-12","article-title":"TMPRSS2 activates the human coronavirus 229E for cathepsin-independent host cell entry and is expressed in viral target cells in the respiratory epithelium","volume":"87","author":"Bertram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8887","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00415-08","article-title":"Cathepsin L functionally cleaves the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus class I fusion protein upstream of rather than adjacent to the fusion peptide","volume":"82","author":"Bosch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2016.00222","article-title":"Cathepsin L promotes vascular intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury","volume":"23","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of Lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1719902","article-title":"Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193982","article-title":"Two key cathepsins, TgCPB and TgCPL, are targeted by the vinyl sulfone inhibitor K11777 in in vitro and in vivo models of toxoplasmosis","volume":"13","author":"Chaparro","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.63","article-title":"Emerging roles for cysteine proteases in human biology","volume":"59","author":"Chapman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.194139","article-title":"Bacterial coinfection in influenza: A grand rounds review","volume":"309","author":"Chertow","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3180-3188.2006","article-title":"The avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus undergoes direct low-pH-dependent fusion activation during entry into host cells","volume":"80","author":"Chu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A363","article-title":"Kaletra (lopinavir\/ritonavir)","volume":"36","author":"Corbett","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-15","article-title":"Phenotypic characteristics of human type II alveolar epithelial cells suitable for antigen presentation to T lymphocytes","volume":"12","author":"Corbiere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.183699","article-title":"Low-dose dexamethasone prevents endotoxaemia-induced muscle protein loss and impairment of carbohydrate oxidation in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"588","author":"Crossland","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030698","article-title":"A review of Small molecule inhibitors and functional probes of human Cathepsin L","volume":"25","author":"Dana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00436-07","article-title":"A cysteine protease inhibitor cures Chagas\u2019 disease in an immunodeficient-mouse model of infection","volume":"51","author":"Doyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03050-13","article-title":"Identification of a broad-spectrum antiviral small molecule against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Ebola, Hendra, and Nipah viruses by using a novel high-throughput screening assay","volume":"88","author":"Elshabrawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.4.725","article-title":"Cysteine protease inhibitors cure an experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection","volume":"188","author":"Engel","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.011","article-title":"Cathepsin B deficiency ameliorates liver lipid deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis after diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0130","article-title":"2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of SLE: don\u2019t forget chloroquine","author":"Figueroa-Parra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(10)80012-5","article-title":"Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug","volume":"23","author":"Fox","year":"1993","journal-title":"Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200804-592OC","article-title":"Alveolar type II epithelial cells present antigen to CD4(+) T cells and induce Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"179","author":"Gereke","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02232-10","article-title":"Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response","volume":"85","author":"Glowacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030676","article-title":"Secondary household transmission of SARS, Singapore","volume":"10","author":"Goh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E123","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00188.2011","article-title":"Clenbuterol suppresses proteasomal and lysosomal proteolysis and atrophy-related genes in denervated rat soleus muscles independently of Akt","volume":"302","author":"Goncalves","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(04)00209-6","article-title":"A cathepsin L isoform that is devoid of a signal peptide localizes to the nucleus in S phase and processes the CDP\/Cux transcription factor","volume":"14","author":"Goulet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of Remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040184","article-title":"Arbidol (Umifenovir): A broad-Spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits medically important arthropod-borne Flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Haviernik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.037358","article-title":"Heparin enhances serpin inhibition of the cysteine protease cathepsin L","volume":"285","author":"Higgins","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"271\u2013280","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0180","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb7000","article-title":"Nafamostat Mesylate Blocks Activation of SARS-CoV-2: New Treatment Option for COVID-19","volume":"64","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011904","article-title":"Cathepsin L regulates CD4+ T cell selection independently of its effect on invariant chain: A role in the generation of positively selecting peptide ligands","volume":"195","author":"Honey","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-015-0041-1","article-title":"The endosomal-lysosomal system: From acidification and cargo sorting to neurodegeneration","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-200026879","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of Drynariae rhizoma extracts on cathepsin having bone resorption activity","volume":"26","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-0233-6","article-title":"A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Military Medical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josset, L., Menachery, V.D., Gralinski, L.E., Agnihothram, S., Sova, P., Carter, V.S., Yount, B.L., Graham, R.L., Baric, R.S., & Katze, M.G. (2013). Cell host response to infection with novel human coronavirus EMC predicts potential antivirals and important differences with SARS coronavirus. mBio, 4, e00165-00113.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00165-13"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02867366","article-title":"Effects of some antituberculous and anti-leprotic drugs on cathepsins B, H and L","volume":"18","author":"Kamboj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6537","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00094-12","article-title":"Simultaneous treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with serine and cysteine protease inhibitors prevents severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry","volume":"86","author":"Kawase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0235","first-page":"9","article-title":"Antiviral activity of arbidol and its derivatives against the pathogen of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the cell cultures","volume":"53","author":"Khamitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Voprosy Virusologii"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of Coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2017.1272572","article-title":"Cathepsin B and L inhibitors: A patent review (2010 - present)","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(80)90523-1","article-title":"Degradation of the Acetylcholine Receptor in Cultured Muscle Cells: Selective Inhibitors and the Fate of Undegraded Receptors","volume":"19","author":"Libby","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30462-1","article-title":"Secondary attack rate and superspreading events for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"395","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0002-3","article-title":"Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: From basic research to clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11849","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01464-10","article-title":"Novel immunodominant peptide presentation strategy: A featured HLA-A*2402-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope stabilized by intrachain hydrogen bonds from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0275","first-page":"92","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Is Not Activated Directly by Cellular Furin during Viral Entry into Target Cells. J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0280","first-page":"E1012","article-title":"MERS-CoV and H5N1 influenza virus antagonize antigen presentation by altering the epigenetic landscape","volume":"115","author":"Menachery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20130101","article-title":"Identification of the first synthetic inhibitors of the type II transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 suitable for inhibition of influenza virus activation","volume":"452","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407087111","article-title":"Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein","volume":"111","author":"Millet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000047","article-title":"Learning from the past: Possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV","volume":"21","author":"Morse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2007.10.107","article-title":"Identification and synthesis of a unique thiocarbazate cathepsin L inhibitor","volume":"18","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.450","article-title":"Cathepsin L: Critical role in ii degradation and CD4 T cell selection in the thymus","volume":"280","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.290120207","article-title":"Modulatory effect of dexamethasone on ornithine decarboxylase activity and gene expression: A possible post-transcriptional regulation by a neutral metalloprotease","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen-Ba","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Biochemistry and Function"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb6000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e31822116d5","article-title":"Is high-dose nafamostat mesilate effective for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis, especially in high-risk patients?","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00164-09","article-title":"Simulating henipavirus multicycle replication in a screening assay leads to identification of a promising candidate for therapy","volume":"83","author":"Porotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3606-y","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of NI-03 in patients with chronic pancreatitis: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial on the assessment of camostat treatment in chronic pancreatitis (TACTIC)","volume":"20","author":"Ramsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182416f23","article-title":"Critical illness from 2009 pandemic influenza a virus and bacterial coinfection in the United States","volume":"40","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80249-6","article-title":"Essential role for cathepsin S in MHC class II-associated invariant chain processing and peptide loading","volume":"4","author":"Riese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","article-title":"Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany","volume":"382","author":"Rothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0345","first-page":"28","article-title":"Teicoplanin vs vancomycin: Cost-effectiveness comparisons","volume":"28","author":"Rybak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hospital Formulary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.064261","article-title":"A small-molecule oxocarbazate inhibitor of human cathepsin L blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome and ebola pseudotype virus infection into human embryonic kidney 293T cells","volume":"78","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0170-0","article-title":"The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia calls for viral vaccines","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80020-5","article-title":"Cathepsin S required for normal MHC class II peptide loading and germinal center development","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death and Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0375","first-page":"4","author":"Shibaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Astaxanthin intake attenuates muscle atrophy caused by immobilization in rats. Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.07.025","article-title":"Endosomal acidification and cathepsin L activity is required for calicivirus replication","volume":"464\u2013465","author":"Shivanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505577102","article-title":"Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry","volume":"102","author":"Simmons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.028","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: Cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research","volume":"100","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007236","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes","volume":"26","author":"Sungnak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0378-3","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine attenuates renal ischemia\/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cathepsin mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death & Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2013.780078","article-title":"Chloroquine cardiomyopathy - a review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Tonnesmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2510.190130","article-title":"Transmissibility of MERS-CoV infection in closed setting, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015","volume":"25","author":"Van Kerkhove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","article-title":"Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01030","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioscience Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0403-1","article-title":"Virtual screening for finding natural inhibitor against cathepsin-L for SARS therapy","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.03.004","article-title":"Endocytosis of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein together with virus receptor ACE2","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys","volume":"531","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02144","article-title":"Epithelial MHC class II expression and its role in antigen presentation in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts","volume":"9","author":"Wosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn124","article-title":"Searching immunodominant epitopes prior to epidemic: HLA class II-restricted SARS-CoV spike protein epitopes in unexposed individuals","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0470","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ma, X., Yu, F., Liu, J., Zou, F., Pan, T., & Zhang, H. (2020). Teicoplanin potently blocks the cell entry of 2019-nCoV. bioRxiv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Yu, X., Huang, Q., Fang, W., Li, J., Bonventre, J. V., Sukhova, G. K., Libby, P., & Shi, G. P. (2019). Differential roles of Cysteinyl Cathepsins in TGF-beta signaling and tissue fibrosis. iScience, 19, 607-622.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.08.014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9218","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.716100","article-title":"Glycopeptide antibiotics potently inhibit Cathepsin L in the late endosome\/lysosome and block the entry of Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","volume":"291","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.01.011","article-title":"Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30305-6","article-title":"Reducing mortality from 2019-nCoV: Host-directed therapies should be an option","volume":"395","author":"Zumla","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820301157?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820301157?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:07:38Z","timestamp":1759010858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163725820301157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S0163725820301157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-7258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-7258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: A potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107587","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107587"}}