{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:07:26Z","timestamp":1790845646007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010937","name":"St. John's University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T22:27:49Z","timestamp":1599517669000},"page":"107672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria and repurposing in treating COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Zi-Ning","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo-Xun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaowei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Litu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunfu","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-278","article-title":"Blocking malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes using artemisinin derivatives and primaquine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Abay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-144","article-title":"Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: Role in the treatment of malaria","volume":"10","author":"Achan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0015","article-title":"Doxycycline and Hydroxychloroquine as treatment for high-risk COVID-19 patients: Experience from case series of 54 patients in long-term care facilities","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14252","article-title":"Itching, chloroquine, and malaria: A review of recent molecular and neuroscience advances and their contribution to mechanistic understanding and therapeutics of chronic non-histaminergic pruritus","volume":"58","author":"Ajayi","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3182","article-title":"Chloroquine could be used for the treatment of filoviral infections and other viral infections that emerge or emerged from viruses requiring an acidic pH for infectivity","volume":"34","author":"Akpovwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Biochemistry and Function"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.04.020","article-title":"Outbreak investigation of needle sharing-induced malaria, Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Alavi","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv018","article-title":"Chloroquine analogues in drug discovery: New directions of uses, mechanisms of actions and toxic manifestations from malaria to multifarious diseases","volume":"70","author":"Al-Bari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.293","article-title":"Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases","volume":"5","author":"Al-Bari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1159\/000109767","article-title":"Antimalarial drug toxicity: A review","volume":"53","author":"AlKadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6270","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03026-14","article-title":"Chloroquine remains effective for treating Plasmodium vivax malaria in Pursat province, Western Cambodia","volume":"58","author":"Amaratunga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2180-2188.2005","article-title":"Are transporter genes other than the chloroquine resistance locus (pfcrt) and multidrug resistance gene (pfmdr) associated with antimalarial drug resistance?","volume":"49","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0774-4","article-title":"Resistance of infection by Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in Bolivia","volume":"14","author":"A\u00f1ez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.013","article-title":"Biology of human malaria plasmodia including Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"4","author":"Antinori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0070","first-page":"31","article-title":"Monitoring the Response of Plasmodium vivax to Chloroquine and Uncomplicated P. falciparum to Artesunate-fansidar Antimalarials in Southeastern Iran","volume":"13","author":"Azarian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317700486","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation in systemic diseases: Prevalence, clinical features and risk factors: A cross-sectional study of 41 cases","volume":"26","author":"Bahloul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.03.019","article-title":"Malaria gametocytogenesis","volume":"172","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8243-x","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine: From malaria to autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02041561","article-title":"Chloroquine in long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Bjelle","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autophagy as an emerging target for COVID-19: Lessons from an old friend, chloroquine","author":"Bonam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857","article-title":"Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"3","author":"Borba","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.07.021","article-title":"Primaquine synergises the activity of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum","volume":"70","author":"Bray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00183-10","article-title":"Absence of association between piperaquine in vitro responses and polymorphisms in the pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfmrp, and pfnhe genes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"54","author":"Briolant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0120","series-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine retinopathy","first-page":"35","article-title":"Pharmacology of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine","author":"Browning","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0125","first-page":"iii","article-title":"Treatment of malaria: Guidelines for clinicians (United States)","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, & World Health Organization","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.07.021","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Pfcrt and Pfmdr-1 genes after five years withdrawal of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in West Bengal, India","volume":"44","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1086\/340053","article-title":"Malaria in injection drug abusers in Vietnam","volume":"34","author":"Chau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0140","article-title":"A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Science)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8473-z","article-title":"Toll-like receptor pathways in autoimmune diseases","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0150","article-title":"Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: Results of a randomized clinical trial","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(96)80063-4","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by hydroxychloroquine: Mechanism of action and comparison with zidovudine","volume":"18","author":"Chiang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014064","article-title":"On the mechanism of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"5","author":"Chinappi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0165","article-title":"A whole cell pathway screen reveals seven novel chemosensitizers to combat chloroquine resistant malaria","volume":"3","author":"Ch\u2019ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90158-L","article-title":"Heme polymerase: Modulation by chloroquine treatment of a rodent malaria","volume":"51","author":"Chou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy319","article-title":"Comparison of the cumulative efficacy and safety of chloroquine, artesunate, and chloroquine-primaquine in Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"67","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61181-1","article-title":"Structural and evolutionary analyses of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter","volume":"10","author":"Copp\u00e9e","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0049","article-title":"On chikungunya acute infection and chloroquine treatment","volume":"8","author":"De Lamballerie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1021\/ml5000228","article-title":"Chlorpheniramine analogues reverse Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by inhibiting PfCRT","volume":"5","author":"Deane","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22019","article-title":"Chikungunya disease and chloroquine treatment","volume":"83","author":"Delogu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v8120322","article-title":"Chloroquine, an Endocytosis blocking agent, Inhibits Zika virus infection in different cell models","volume":"8","author":"Delvecchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-4-39","article-title":"Different pH requirements are associated with divergent inhibitory effects of chloroquine on human and avian influenza A viruses","volume":"4","author":"Di Trani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.04.005","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to hydroxychloroquine: A prospective comparative observational study","volume":"39","author":"Diav-Citrin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199631040-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of chloroquine. Focus on recent advancements","volume":"31","author":"Ducharme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30237-5","article-title":"Management strategies and future directions for systemic lupus erythematosus in adults","volume":"393","author":"Durcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01139-15","article-title":"3-Halo Chloroquine Derivatives Overcome Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter-Mediated Drug Resistance in P. falciparum","volume":"59","author":"Edaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0230","article-title":"COVID-19: chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine only to be used in clinical trials or emergency use programmes","volume":"2020","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amsterdam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-015-0012-0","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers by LC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"2","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-216924","article-title":"2019 update of the joint European league against rheumatism and European renal association-European Dialysis and transplant association (EULAR\/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis","volume":"79","author":"Fanouriakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0245","article-title":"Structural and molecular modeling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"105960","author":"Fantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0250","series-title":"Plaquenil\u00ae Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Tablets, Usp Description","author":"FDA\/CDER","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(05)00077-8","article-title":"Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance","volume":"6","author":"Fidock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.21.5.819","article-title":"Lysis of Plasmodium falciparum by ferriprotoporphyrin IX and a chloroquine-ferriprotoporphyrin IX complex","volume":"21","author":"Fitch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1021\/jp065136j","article-title":"Structural analysis of the anti-malaria active agent chloroquine under physiological conditions","volume":"111","author":"Frosch","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2669","article-title":"Epidemiological studies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and comorbidity of the rheumatic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Gabriel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Research & Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0280","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study","volume":"101663","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1041-4","article-title":"Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment in southern Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Getachew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2018.2","article-title":"Autophagy in dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Ghislat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellular & Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0295","series-title":"CYP2C8 and antimalaria drug efficacy","author":"Gil","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61499-3","article-title":"Clinical aspects of autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"382","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.161","article-title":"Drug resistance in Plasmodium","volume":"16","author":"Haldar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90395-8","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand","volume":"2","author":"Harinasuta","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1179\/146532810X12858955921032","article-title":"The impact of maternal malaria on newborns","volume":"30","author":"Hartman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Paediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24575","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine augments early virological response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in genotype-4 chronic hepatitis C patients","volume":"88","author":"Helal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2575-3","article-title":"Chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0674-9","article-title":"Insights from nanomedicine into chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa113","article-title":"Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"National Science Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1747-6","article-title":"Unexpected selections of Plasmodium falciparum polymorphisms in previously treatment-na\u00efve areas after monthly presumptive administration of three different anti-malarial drugs in Liberia 1976-78","volume":"16","author":"Jovel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872612471215","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine cardiotoxicity presenting as a rapidly evolving biventricular cardiomyopathy: Key diagnostic features and literature review","volume":"2","author":"Joyce","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2003.12.005","article-title":"Synergistic interaction of a chloroquine metabolite with chloroquine against drug-resistant malaria parasites","volume":"67","author":"Kalkanidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.102","article-title":"Chloroquine diphosphate bearing dextran nanoparticles augmented drug delivery and overwhelmed drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites","volume":"114","author":"Kashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2014.11.002","article-title":"The modulation of ABC transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer: A review of the past decade","volume":"18","author":"Kathawala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Resistance Updates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32834456bf","article-title":"Re-evaluation of antimalarials in treating rheumatic diseases: Re-appreciation and insights into new mechanisms of action","volume":"23","author":"Katz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.05.043","article-title":"Inhibition of native 5-HT3 receptor-evoked contractions in Guinea pig and mouse ileum by antimalarial drugs","volume":"738","author":"Kelley","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00669-07","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 10-N-substituted acridones as novel chemosensitizers in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"51","author":"Kelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01509-08","article-title":"Antiviral activity of chloroquine against human coronavirus OC43 infection in newborn mice","volume":"53","author":"Keyaerts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.085","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine","volume":"323","author":"Keyaerts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.525","article-title":"Prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance mutations in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from a malaria-endemic area of Pakistan","volume":"81","author":"Khatoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1795-x","article-title":"Structure and drug resistance of the Plasmodium falciparum transporter PfCRT","volume":"576","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02976712","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 2C8 and CYP3A4\/5 are involved in chloroquine metabolism in human liver microsomes","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Pharmacal Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00733.x","article-title":"Malaria and blood transfusion","volume":"90","author":"Kitchen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vox Sanguinis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.011","article-title":"Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: Involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK","volume":"77","author":"Kono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90345-X","article-title":"A perspective on antimalarial action: Effects of weak bases on Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"35","author":"Krogstad","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600681","article-title":"A critical role for PfCRT K76T in Plasmodium falciparum verapamil-reversible chloroquine resistance","volume":"24","author":"Lakshmanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2003.00164.x","article-title":"The mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"17","author":"Le Bras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1982.tb01971.x","article-title":"Digoxin-Hydroxychloroquine interaction?","volume":"211","author":"Leden","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0435","series-title":"Comparative outcomes of lopinavir\/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 with mild to moderate severity","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.02.008","article-title":"Nucleus may be the key site of chloroquine antimalarial action and resistance development","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0636-9","article-title":"Identification of human cytochrome P 450 s that metabolise anti-parasitic drugs and predictions of in vivo drug hepatic clearance from in vitro data","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S166893","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.10.023","article-title":"Inhibition of autophagy recovers cardiac dysfunction and atrophy in response to tail-suspension","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-364","article-title":"Monitoring Plasmodium vivax chloroquine sensitivity along China-Myanmar border of Yunnan Province, China during 2008\u20132013","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-019-0132-8","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6707a1","article-title":"Malaria surveillance - United States, 2015","volume":"67","author":"Mace","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0480","series-title":"Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19","author":"Magagnoli","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.2.992-995.1991","article-title":"Chloroquine enhances replication of Semliki Forest virus and encephalomyocarditis virus in mice","volume":"65","author":"Maheshwari","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0490","article-title":"No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial","author":"Mahevas","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0495","series-title":"Hydroxychloroquine is associated with slower viral clearance in clinical COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease: A retrospective study","author":"Mallat","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0500","first-page":"143","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine at the recommended dose (< or = 6.5 mg\/kg\/day) is safe for the retina in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Marmor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01168-5","article-title":"Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: A report by the American Academy of ophthalmology","volume":"109","author":"Marmor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02279-12","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance and anemia in the western Brazilian Amazon","volume":"58","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175667","article-title":"Chloroquine transport via the malaria parasite\u2019s chloroquine resistance transporter","volume":"325","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1474314","article-title":"Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion","volume":"14","author":"Mauthe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459","article-title":"The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy","volume":"132","author":"Melles","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000100002","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of verapamil and other modulating agents in Brazilian chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates","volume":"36","author":"Menezes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20730","article-title":"Fever, mental impairment, acute anemia, and renal failure in patient undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: Posttransplantation malaria","volume":"12","author":"Menichetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0655","article-title":"Chloroquine\u2013Primaquine therapeutic efficacy, safety, and plasma levels in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in a Colombian Pacific region","volume":"100","author":"Mesa-Echeverry","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.321","article-title":"Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: Risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy","volume":"129","author":"Michaelides","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101738","article-title":"Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France","volume":"35","author":"Million","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.04.004","article-title":"Spread and evolution of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance","volume":"58","author":"Mita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-012-0272-z","article-title":"Malaria and human red blood cells","volume":"201","author":"Mohandas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032005000400011","article-title":"Chloroquine for the maintenance of remission of autoimmune hepatitis: Results of a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Mucenic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arquivos de Gastroenterologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10307","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine concentration\u2013response relationships in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Munster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.08.017","article-title":"Autophagy beyond intracellular MHC class II antigen presentation","volume":"37","author":"M\u00fcnz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12082","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01466-10","article-title":"Reduction of immune activation with chloroquine therapy during chronic HIV infection","volume":"84","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-6","article-title":"Effect of chloroquine on reducing HIV-1 replication in vitro and the DC-SIGN mediated transfer of virus to CD4+ T-lymphocytes","volume":"4","author":"Naarding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0590","series-title":"Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 (Trial 6th edition)","author":"National Health Commission of China","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1809.120605","article-title":"Lack of evidence for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Leogane, Haiti","volume":"18","author":"Neuberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0600","series-title":"Early Hydroxychloroquine is associated with an increase of survival in COVID-19 patients: An observational study","author":"Novales","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0605","series-title":"Early hydroxychloroquine is associated with an increase of survival in COVID-19 patients: An observational study","author":"de Novales","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2006.08.003","article-title":"Inhibitors of de novo folate enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"11","author":"Nzila","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.7.3327","article-title":"Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by various agents","volume":"75","author":"Ohkuma","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-39","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of human influenza A virus replication by chloroquine","volume":"3","author":"Ooi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.03.008","article-title":"Field-based evidence for linkage of mutations associated with chloroquine (pfcrt\/pfmdr1) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (pfdhfr\/pfdhps) resistance and for the fitness cost of multiple mutations in P. falciparum","volume":"7","author":"Osman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0563-0","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax in the Saharan zone in Mauritania","volume":"14","author":"Ould Ahmedou Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3550333","article-title":"Mechanism of malarial haem detoxification inhibition by chloroquine","volume":"355","author":"Pandey","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00259.x","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyurea and didanosine as initial therapy for HIV-infected patients with low viral load: Safety, efficacy and resistance profile after 144 weeks","volume":"6","author":"Paton","year":"2005","journal-title":"HIV Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70065-2","article-title":"Chloroquine for influenza prevention: A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Paton","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.06.007","article-title":"Chloroquine and nanoparticle drug delivery: A promising combination","volume":"191","author":"Pelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0141-y","article-title":"Use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and in antiphospholipid antibody\u2013positive patients","volume":"13","author":"Petri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Rheumatology Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0507","article-title":"New use of an old drug: Chloroquine reduces viral and ALT levels in HCV non-responders (a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial)","volume":"94","author":"Peymani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0656-y","article-title":"Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: A mini-review","volume":"38","author":"Plantone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Drug Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/0049825031000121608","article-title":"Identification of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 as the major cytochrome P450 s responsible for morphine N-demethylation in human liver microsomes","volume":"33","author":"Projean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0675","first-page":"378","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis triple therapy compared with etanercept: Difference in infectious and gastrointestinal adverse events","volume":"56","author":"Quach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.2.167","article-title":"Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: Comparison of 2 regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine","volume":"159","author":"Raoult","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1275","article-title":"Chloroquine is effective for maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis: Controlled, double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"3","author":"Raquel Benedita Terrabuio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/35002615","article-title":"Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"403","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004307","article-title":"Studies on antimalarial drug susceptibility in Colombia, in relation to Pfmdr1 and Pfcrt","volume":"135","author":"Restrepo-Pineda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0824-y","article-title":"Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine\u2013primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from a tertiary care hospital in southwestern India","volume":"14","author":"Rishikesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.015","article-title":"Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century","volume":"30","author":"Rolain","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050268","article-title":"Paradoxical effect of Chloroquine treatment in enhancing Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Roques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8630","article-title":"Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state","volume":"323","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306071872","article-title":"Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.05.049","article-title":"Plasmodium berghei: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate reverses chloroquino-resistance in experimental malaria infection; correlation with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione synthesis pathway","volume":"68","author":"Safeukui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.5.2652","article-title":"Identification of a chloroquine importer in Plasmodium falciparum differences in import kinetics are genetically linked with the chloroquine-resistant phenotype","volume":"272","author":"Sanchez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157666","article-title":"Therapeutic assessment of chloroquine-primaquine combined regimen in adult cohort of Plasmodium vivax malaria from primary care centres in southwestern India","volume":"11","author":"Saravu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.03082","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric adverse events of chloroquine: A real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database","volume":"14","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioscience Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70092-5","article-title":"Use of chloroquine in viral diseases","volume":"11","author":"Savarino","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5","article-title":"Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: An old drug against today\u2019s diseases","volume":"3","author":"Savarino","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70361-9","article-title":"New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine","volume":"6","author":"Savarino","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2006.09.002","article-title":"Quinoline-resistance reversing agents for the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"9","author":"van Schalkwyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Resistance Updates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0372-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: Implications for rheumatology","volume":"16","author":"Schrezenmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.078","article-title":"The impact of hydroxychloroquine treatment on pregnancy outcome in women with antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"214","author":"Sciascia","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-64-5-1149","article-title":"Mechanism of uncoating of influenza B virus in MDCK cells: Action of chloroquine","volume":"64","author":"Shibata","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15467-6","article-title":"Repurposing of the anti-malaria drug chloroquine for Zika virus treatment and prophylaxis","volume":"7","author":"Shiryaev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-7-1535","article-title":"Dissecting virus entry via endocytosis","volume":"83","author":"Sieczkarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20160060","article-title":"The \u201cpushmi-pullyu\u201d of resistance to chloroquine in malaria","volume":"61","author":"Skrzypek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays in Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00942-X","article-title":"The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210715","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update","volume":"76","author":"Smolen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000438787","article-title":"Cutaneous adverse drug reactions with Antimalarials and Allergological skin tests","volume":"231","author":"Soria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3069-3","article-title":"Antiplasmodial profile of selected compounds from malaria box: In vitro evaluation, speed of action and drug combination studies","volume":"18","author":"de Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(97)80045-8","article-title":"Comparison of hydroxychloroquine with zidovudine in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"19","author":"Sperber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-2918(95)80039-5","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"17","author":"Sperber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0214","article-title":"Molecular analysis of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance-associated alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Nicaragua","volume":"90","author":"Sridaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0835","series-title":"Assessment of long-term health effects of antimalarial drugs when used for prophylaxis","article-title":"Chloroquine","author":"Styka","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11865","article-title":"On the molecular mechanism of chloroquine\u2019s antimalarial action","volume":"93","author":"Sullivan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5246.219","article-title":"Plasmodium hemozoin formation mediated by histidine-rich proteins","volume":"271","author":"Sullivan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.100606.x","article-title":"Different effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on lysosomal function in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"110","author":"Sundelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0855","first-page":"369","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: Open label, randomised controlled trial","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"bmj"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524020666200207123253","article-title":"An overview of available Antimalarials: Discovery, mode of action and drug resistance","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530802049962","article-title":"Ocular toxicity of hydroxychloroquine","volume":"23","author":"Tehrani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seminars in Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600810211","article-title":"Bioavailability of hydroxychloroquine tablets assessed with deconvolution techniques","volume":"81","author":"Tett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.07.004","article-title":"Chloroquine: Modes of action of an undervalued drug","volume":"153","author":"Thom\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2013.780078","article-title":"Chloroquine cardiomyopathy\u2013a review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"T\u00f6nnesmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0671","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Honduras","volume":"88","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70143-6","article-title":"In vitro screening of a FDA approved chemical library reveals potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication","volume":"10","author":"Touret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2471","article-title":"The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from Chinese medicine","volume":"17","author":"Tu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041700","article-title":"Incorporation of spike and membrane glycoproteins into coronavirus virions","volume":"7","author":"Ujike","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0905","series-title":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA revokes emergency use authorization for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine","author":"US Food & Drug Administration","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0910","series-title":"Request for emergency use authorization for use of chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulfate supplied from the strategic National Stockpile for treatment of 2019 coronavirus disease. In","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.09.005","article-title":"Transporters involved in resistance to antimalarial drugs","volume":"27","author":"Valderramos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","article-title":"Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0930","first-page":"177","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in renal insufficiency","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"1984","journal-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1320-8","article-title":"Where chloroquine still works: The genetic make-up and susceptibility of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine plus primaquine in Bhutan","volume":"15","author":"Wangchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0945","first-page":"30","article-title":"Efficacy of chloroquine as a first line agent in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in children and treatment practices in Pakistan: A pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Waqar","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg319","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine is much less active than chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, in agreement with its physicochemical properties","volume":"52","author":"Warhurst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0955","article-title":"Broad anti-coronaviral activity of FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and SARS-CoV in vivo","author":"Weston","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312437270","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine treatment on pro-inflammatory cytokines and disease activity in SLE patients: Data from LUMINA (LXXV), a multiethnic US cohort","volume":"21","author":"Willis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0965","series-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (third Ed.)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0970","series-title":"Testing for G6PD deficiency for safe use of primaquine in radical cure of P. vivax and P. ovale: Policy brief","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0975","series-title":"World malaria report 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"71","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-117","article-title":"Effective treatment with a tetrandrine\/chloroquine combination for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Aotus monkeys","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12276","article-title":"Chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy: A reversible cause of heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Yogasundaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb1000","series-title":"Hydroxychloroquine application is associated with a decreased mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19","author":"Yu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672_bb1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04270-14","article-title":"Therapeutic responses of Plasmodium vivax malaria to chloroquine and primaquine treatment in northeastern Myanmar","volume":"59","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820302023?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820302023?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:12:37Z","timestamp":1759011157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163725820302023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":198,"alternative-id":["S0163725820302023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-7258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-7258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria and repurposing in treating COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107672","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107672"}}