{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:32:34Z","timestamp":1791765154960,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002491","name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T01:08:08Z","timestamp":1603156088000},"page":"107710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dimethyl fumarate induced lymphopenia in multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Dello Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn Anne","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munir","family":"Pirmohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-017-0080-x","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of dimethyl fumarate treatment in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients: Real-world evidence","volume":"6","author":"Alroughani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology and therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2018.03.007","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in pediatric patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (FOCUS)","volume":"83","author":"Alroughani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70121-0","article-title":"Antipsoriatic effect of fumaric acid derivatives. Results of a multicenter double-blind study in 100 patients","volume":"30","author":"Altmeyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.12.003","article-title":"Predictors of hematological abnormalities in multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate and impact of treatment switch on lymphocyte and leukocyte count","volume":"20","author":"Baharnoori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000274","article-title":"Nonfatal PML in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"3","author":"Baharnoori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0030","first-page":"566","article-title":"Induction of NAD(P)H quinone: oxidoreductase1 inhibits carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in colons of Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"12","author":"Begleiter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.06.002","article-title":"Effects of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocyte subsets","volume":"4","author":"Berkovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.676","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment induces lipid metabolism alterations that are linked to immunological changes","volume":"6","author":"Bhargava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of clinical and translational neurology"},{"issue":"445","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rs10","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaf7694","article-title":"Chemical proteomic map of dimethyl fumarate\u2013sensitive cysteines in primary human T cells","volume":"9","author":"Blewett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science signaling"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00714-8","article-title":"Fingolimod and dimethyl-fumarate-derived lymphopenia is not associated with short-term treatment response and risk of infections in a real-life MS population","volume":"34","author":"Boffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42054","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42054","article-title":"The NRF2 transcriptional target, OSGIN1, contributes to monomethyl fumarate-mediated cytoprotection in human astrocytes","volume":"7","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02389.x","article-title":"Fumaric acid esters in the management of severe psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419843450","article-title":"Time course of lymphocyte repopulation after dimethyl fumarate-induced grade 3 lymphopenia: Contribution of patient age","volume":"12","author":"Briner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13548","article-title":"A review of the mechanisms of action of dimethylfumarate in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Br\u00fcck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/JIM.0000000000000192","article-title":"Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis: Possible influence of immunomodulators","volume":"63","author":"Cantarel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11139-3","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with ROS pathway in monocytes","volume":"10","author":"Carlstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217317702933","article-title":"Lymphocyte subtypes in relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"3","author":"Chaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal\u2013Experimental, Translational and Clinical"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72151","article-title":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate\u2019s protective effect in EAE","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent fasting confers protection in CNS autoimmunity by altering the gut microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Cignarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13839","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis in a real-life setting: A French retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Conde","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418796404","article-title":"Comparable efficacy and safety of dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: An Italian real-word multicenter experience","volume":"11","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1332-y","article-title":"Detection of fumarate\u2013glutathione adducts in the portal vein blood of rats: Evidence for rapid dimethylfumarate metabolism","volume":"305","author":"Dibbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15019","article-title":"Long-term real-life safety profile and effectiveness of fumaric acid esters in psoriasis patients: A single-centre, retrospective, observational study","volume":"32","author":"Dickel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15448","article-title":"Fumaric acid ester-induced T-cell lymphopenia in the real-life treatment of psoriasis","volume":"33","author":"Dickel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519872894","article-title":"PML with dimethyl fumarate\u2014No convincing case against natalizumab","volume":"25","author":"Diebold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241836","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in human monocytes are mediated by GPR109A dependent mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Digby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176955","article-title":"Depletion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in psoriasis patients, restored by Dimethylfumarate therapy (DMF)","volume":"12","author":"Eppinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2013.11","article-title":"Bacterial lipodipeptide, lipid 654, is a microbiome-associated biomarker for multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical & translational immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517703799","article-title":"Treatment response to dimethyl fumarate is characterized by disproportionate CD8+ T cell reduction in MS","volume":"24","author":"Fleischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000479792","article-title":"The implications of recent recommendations for managing patients with psoriasis treated with fumaric acid esters","volume":"233","author":"Foley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0150","first-page":"220","article-title":"Characterizing absolute lymphocyte count profiles in dimethyl fumarate\u2013treated patients with MS: Patient management considerations","volume":"6","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology: Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13150","article-title":"Enhanced TLR2 responses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"193","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12137","article-title":"Glutathione-S-transferase T1 genotyping and phenotyping in psoriasis patients receiving treatment with oral fumaric acid esters","volume":"28","author":"Gambichler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000218","article-title":"Val\/Val glutathione-S-transferase P1 polymorphism predicts nonresponders in psoriasis patients treated with fumaric acid esters","volume":"26","author":"Gambichler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics and Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2016.1225756","article-title":"Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance","volume":"48","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07779.x","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits nuclear binding of nuclear factor \u03baB but not of nuclear factor of activated T cells and CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein \u03b2 in activated human T cells","volume":"156","author":"Gerdes","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000340","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate\u2013induced lymphopenia in MS due to differential T-cell subset apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Ghadiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8509-9","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with fumaric acid esters: A review of 19 cases","volume":"264","author":"Gieselbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.04.006","article-title":"DMF, but not other fumarates, inhibits NF-\u03baB activity in vitro in an Nrf2-independent manner","volume":"283","author":"Gillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.04.016","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate downregulates the immune response through the HCA2\/GPR109A pathway: Implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"von Glehn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516649037","article-title":"Long-term effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: Interim analysis of ENDORSE, a randomized extension study","volume":"23","author":"Gold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3.1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s33","DOI":"10.25251\/skin.1.supp.32","article-title":"XP-23829, a novel fumaric acid ester, is efficacious in reducing psoriatic lesions: Results from a phase 2 randomized controlled study","volume":"1","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2017","journal-title":"SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517741207","article-title":"Diffuse dermatophytosis occurring on dimethyl fumarate therapy","volume":"24","author":"Greenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000183","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment alters circulating T helper cell subsets in multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Gross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364416","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of naive and subsets of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes & Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42273","article-title":"Nicotinic acid\u2013and monomethyl fumarate\u2013induced flushing involves GPR109A expressed by keratinocytes and COX-2\u2013dependent prostanoid formation in mice","volume":"120","author":"Hanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06728.x","article-title":"Fumaric acid esters for severe psoriasis: A retrospective review of 58 cases","volume":"153","author":"Harries","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/3578091","article-title":"Post-irradiation sensitization of mammalian cells by the thiol-depleting agent dimethyl fumarate","volume":"127","author":"Held","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiation Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2307\/3577299","article-title":"Effect of dimethyl fumarate on the radiation sensitivity of mammalian cells in vitro","volume":"115","author":"Held","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0260","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of lymphopenia and eosinophilia with dimethylfumarate treatment efficacy and tolerability in psoriasis: A retrospective study","author":"van Hezik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Dermatological Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05433.x","article-title":"Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis","volume":"149","author":"Hoefnagel","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000017903","article-title":"Fumaric acid esters suppress peripheral CD4-and CD8-positive lymphocytes in psoriasis","volume":"196","author":"H\u00f6xtermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00484-07","article-title":"Respiration of Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine","volume":"75","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05395-11","article-title":"Anaerobic respiration of Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine","volume":"79","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0285","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in dimethyl fumarate-treated multiple sclerosis patients","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.679704","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate inhibits the nuclear factor \u03baB pathway in breast cancer cells by covalent modification of p65 protein","volume":"291","author":"Kastrati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000517","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapies alter gut microbial composition in MS","volume":"6","author":"Katz Sand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.05.003","article-title":"The effect of dimethyl fumarate (TecfideraTM) on lymphocyte counts: A potential contributor to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk","volume":"4","author":"Khatri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"6387","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4665","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate targets GAPDH and aerobic glycolysis to modulate immunity","volume":"360","author":"Kornberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016276","article-title":"Application of pharmacogenomics to investigate adverse drug reactions to the disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: A case\u2013control study protocol for dimethyl fumarate-induced lymphopenia","volume":"7","author":"Kowalec","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.011","article-title":"Precision medicine goes microscopic: Engineering the microbiome to improve drug outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101871","article-title":"Clinical predictors of dimethyl fumarate response in multiple sclerosis: A real life multicentre study","volume":"38","author":"Lanzillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700686","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate induces immunosuppression via glutathione depletion and subsequent induction of heme oxygenase 1","volume":"127","author":"Lehmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002900","article-title":"PML during dimethyl fumarate treatment of multiple sclerosis: How does lymphopenia matter?","volume":"87","author":"Lehmann-Horn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9908-z","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of HO-1 in autoimmune diseases","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2015.1050980","article-title":"Long-term safety and effectiveness of high-dose dimethylfumarate in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: A prospective single-blinded follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"Lijnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dermatological Treatment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02513","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02513-14","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin causes selective death of mature oligodendrocytes and central nervous system demyelination","volume":"6","author":"Linden","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq386","article-title":"Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway","volume":"134","author":"Linker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02145.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral fumarates in healthy subjects","volume":"58","author":"Litjens","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.07002.x","article-title":"Effects of monomethylfumarate on dendritic cell differentiation","volume":"154","author":"Litjens","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4781","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits TNF-induced nuclear entry of NF-\u03baB\/p65 in human endothelial cells","volume":"168","author":"Loewe","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01576.x","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits tumor-necrosis-factor-induced CD62E expression in an NF-\u03baB-dependent manner","volume":"117","author":"Loewe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517707069","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate induces changes in B-and T-lymphocyte function independent of the effects on absolute lymphocyte count","volume":"24","author":"Longbrake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514559299","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate associated lymphopenia in clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Longbrake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0385","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment shifts the immune environment toward an anti-inflammatory cell profile while maintaining protective humoral immunity","author":"Longbrake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217315596994","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate-associated lymphopenia: Risk factors and clinical significance","volume":"1","author":"Longbrake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal\u2013Experimental, Translational and Clinical"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515608961","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"22","author":"Longbrake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.03.009","article-title":"An unusual infection in MS patient treated with dimethyl fumarate: A case report of omphalitis","volume":"7","author":"Lorefice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000211","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis influences B-cell subsets","volume":"3","author":"Lundy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.01.010","article-title":"Oral dimethyl fumarate in children with multiple sclerosis: A dual-center study","volume":"57","author":"Makhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8916-6","article-title":"Two-year real-life efficacy, tolerability and safety of dimethyl fumarate in an Italian multicentre study","volume":"265","author":"Mallucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01666","article-title":"Increased NK cell count in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate: A 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Marastoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1724","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007262","article-title":"Effect of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocytes in RRMS: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"92","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000099","article-title":"Glial cells express nuclear nrf2 after fumarate treatment for multiple sclerosis and psoriasis","volume":"2","author":"Metz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8175-3","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: A multi-center observational study","volume":"263","author":"Miclea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00005","article-title":"Emerging understanding of the mechanism of action for dimethyl fumarate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0543-3","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: An Italian, multicenter, real-world study","volume":"32","author":"Mirabella","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137429","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis, with a striking depletion of species belonging to clostridia XIVa and IV clusters","volume":"10","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.019","article-title":"Crosstalk of toll-like receptors signaling and Nrf2 pathway for regulation of inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Mohan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i44.4979","article-title":"Glutathione depleting drugs, antioxidants and intestinal calcium absorption","volume":"24","author":"Moine","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8931-7","article-title":"Detection of JC virus archetype in cerebrospinal fluid in a MS patient with dimethylfumarate treatment without lymphopenia or signs of PML","volume":"265","author":"Motte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15218","article-title":"Clinical use of dimethyl fumarate in moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis: A European expert consensus","volume":"32","author":"Mrowietz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology\u202f: JEADV"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02124.x","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: Results of a prospective multicentre study","volume":"138","author":"Mrowietz","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.03034.x","article-title":"Treatment of severe psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: Scientific background and guidelines for therapeutic use","volume":"141","author":"Mrowietz","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.11.002","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of fumaric acid esters reveal their in vivo effects","volume":"39","author":"Mrowietz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14947","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of LAS41008 (dimethyl fumarate) in adults with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: A randomized, double-blind, Fumaderm\u00ae - and placebo-controlled trial (BRIDGE)","volume":"176","author":"Mrowietz","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0495","article-title":"Diroximel fumarate (DRF) in patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis: Interim safety and efficacy results from the phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 study","author":"Naismith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000432","article-title":"Characterization of lymphopenia in patients with MS treated with dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod","volume":"5","author":"Nakhaei-Nejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R900010200","article-title":"The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress","volume":"284","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0510","first-page":"805","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate restores apoptosis sensitivity and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in CTCL by targeting NF-\u03baB","volume":"128","author":"Nicolay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70071-2","article-title":"Systemic therapy with fumaric acid derivates: New possibilities in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"20","author":"Nieboer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0520","first-page":"311","article-title":"Fumaric acid therapy for psoriasis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Nugteren-Huying","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0788-8","article-title":"72-week safety and tolerability of dimethyl fumarate in japanese patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Analysis of the randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, phase III APEX study and its open-label extension","volume":"35","author":"Ochi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.11.007","article-title":"Hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor actions in metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Offermanns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980058f","article-title":"Role of drug disposition in drug hypersensitivity: A chemical, molecular, and clinical perspective","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chemical Research in Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.08.006","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate alters microglia phenotype and protects neurons against proinflammatory toxic microenvironments","volume":"299","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.09.009","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus encephalitis temporally associated with dimethyl fumarate-induced lymphopenia in a multiple sclerosis patient","volume":"26","author":"Perini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2014","article-title":"Immunological changes in psoriasis patients under long-term treatment with fumaric acid esters: Risk of Kaposi sarcoma occurrence?","volume":"23","author":"Philipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00563","article-title":"Immunological approaches towards cancer and inflammation: A cross talk","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0560","first-page":"603","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fumaric acid esters in the long-term treatment of psoriasis\u2013a retrospective study (FUTURE)","volume":"7","author":"Reich","year":"2009","journal-title":"JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13277","article-title":"Lymphopenia and fumaric acid esters for psoriasis: A retrospective case series prompted by the European Medicines Agency\u2019s Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommendations","volume":"43","author":"Roche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1415408","article-title":"PML in a patient with lymphocytopenia treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"372","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2015","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-010-1061-4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of anti-psoriatic fumaric acid esters in psoriasis patients","volume":"302","author":"Rostami-Yazdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.197","article-title":"Detection of metabolites of fumaric acid esters in human urine: Implications for their mode of action","volume":"129","author":"Rostami-Yazdi","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076359","article-title":"Isolation of Clostridium perfringens type B in an individual at first clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis provides clues for environmental triggers of the disease","volume":"8","author":"Rumah","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00011","article-title":"Oral multiple sclerosis drugs inhibit the in vitro growth of epsilon toxin producing gut bacterium, Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Rumah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.007","article-title":"Factors associated with dimethyl fumarate-induced lymphopenia","volume":"398","author":"Sainz de la Maza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01039","article-title":"Genetic study of severe prolonged lymphopenia in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"10","author":"Sangurdekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.01.005","article-title":"Gut-brain communication in demyelinating disorders","volume":"62","author":"Sauma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.190132","article-title":"Fumarates promote cytoprotection of central nervous system cells against oxidative stress via the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway","volume":"341","author":"Scannevin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.09.053","article-title":"Reactivity of dimethyl fumarate and methylhydrogen fumarate towards glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine\u2014Preparation of S-substituted thiosuccinic acid esters","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0620","series-title":"Impact of fumaric acid esters on cardiovascular risk factors and depression in psoriasis","author":"Schmieder","year":"2015"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603907113","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate treatment induces adaptive and innate immune modulation independent of Nrf2","volume":"113","author":"Schulze-Topphoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.05.007","article-title":"Real-life persistence and tolerability with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"24","author":"Sejbaek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.08.009","article-title":"Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteers","volume":"35","author":"Sheikh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09557-w","article-title":"Risk factors for lymphopenia in patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"267","author":"Sierra Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517709956","article-title":"Three-year clinical outcomes of relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate in a United States community health center","volume":"24","author":"Smoot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000478903","article-title":"Lymphopenia and CD4+\/CD8+ cell reduction under fumaric acid esters","volume":"233","author":"Sondermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000076","article-title":"Reduction of CD8+ T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate","volume":"2","author":"Spencer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319888767","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition during a 12-week intervention with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis\u2013a pilot trial","volume":"5","author":"Storm-Larsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal\u2013Experimental, Translational and Clinical"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614544466","article-title":"Fumarate treatment in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: First results of a single-center observational study","volume":"7","author":"Strassburger-Krogias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.041","article-title":"The psoriasis drug monomethylfumarate is a potent nicotinic acid receptor agonist","volume":"375","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0675","first-page":"429","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fumaric acid esters in patients with psoriasis on medication for comorbid conditions\u2013a retrospective evaluation (FACTS)","volume":"11","author":"Tha\u00e7i","year":"2013","journal-title":"JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1747.2003.12605.x","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells","volume":"121","author":"Treumer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0685","series-title":"Version 5.0. Published: November 27, 2017","article-title":"Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE)","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.00211.x","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced nuclear translocation of NF-\u03baB1, but not RelA in normal human dermal fibroblast cells","volume":"116","author":"Vandermeeren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09267.x","article-title":"Treatment of severe, recalcitrant, chronic plaque psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: A prospective study","volume":"162","author":"Wain","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00504-3","article-title":"Inhibition of Escherichia coli by dimethyl fumarate","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000397","article-title":"Patient outcomes influenced by reduced lymphocyte counts after dimethyl fumarate initiation","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601532","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells and shifts the balance between Th1\/Th17 and Th2 in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"198","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104468","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and lack of short chain fatty acids in a Chinese cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochemistry International"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820302412?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820302412?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:10:09Z","timestamp":1759011009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163725820302412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["S0163725820302412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-7258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-7258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dimethyl fumarate induced lymphopenia in multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107710","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107710"}}