{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:48:41Z","timestamp":1789076921160,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":241,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T17:17:35Z","timestamp":1607620655000},"page":"107794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The evolving obesity challenge: targeting the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex in the response"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Valentin A.","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0020-4","article-title":"Investigational treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a vibrotactile device applied to the external ear","volume":"5","author":"Addorisio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.08.005","article-title":"Brain Regulation of Appetite and Satiety","volume":"37","author":"Ahima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110331","article-title":"COVID-19 induced ARDS, and the use of galantamine to activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"145","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134648","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effect of Galantamine: Novel Effect for a Known Centrally Acting Drug","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276419","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/276419","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and mind-body therapies: a systematic review","volume":"2011","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00172-4","article-title":"Extracellular HMGB1: a therapeutic target in severe pulmonary inflammation including COVID-19?","volume":"26","author":"Andersson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41","article-title":"Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Anstee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2006.07.001","article-title":"Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity \u2013 A review","volume":"40","author":"Arora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12084","article-title":"Characterization of inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced male C57BL\/6J mouse model of obesity","volume":"2","author":"Avtanski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal Model Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.031","article-title":"Genetic Identification of Vagal Sensory Neurons That Control Feeding","volume":"179","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.006","article-title":"Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline","volume":"91","author":"Ballinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-015-3679-z","article-title":"Risk factors for severity and mortality in patients with MERS-CoV: Analysis of publicly available data from Saudi Arabia","volume":"31","author":"Banik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0075","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in the United States","volume":"383","author":"Belot","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62272-1","article-title":"The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective","volume":"68","author":"Benarroch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.08.024","article-title":"The vagus nerve, food intake and obesity","volume":"149","author":"Berthoud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regulatory Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00215-0","article-title":"Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system","volume":"85","author":"Berthoud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30236-X","article-title":"Progress and challenges in anti-obesity pharmacotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Bessesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30287-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70088-3","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes and prediabetic stages: towards targeted interventions","volume":"2","author":"Biessels","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0110","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"Cd005593","author":"Birks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12792","article-title":"Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Bonaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology and Motility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01452","article-title":"The Vagus Nerve in the Neuro-Immune Axis: Implications in the Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"8","author":"Bonaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-020-00051-7","article-title":"Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Covid-19?","volume":"6","author":"Bonaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102074","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in individuals aged 55 years or above: potential benefits of daily stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Bretherton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-010-0075-5","article-title":"Vagal sparing surgical technique but not stoma size affects body weight loss in rodent model of gastric bypass","volume":"20","author":"Bueter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-020-0037-8","volume":"6","author":"Building a bioelectronic medicine movement 2019: insights from leaders in industry, academia, and research","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.463","article-title":"Weight loss associated with vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"59","author":"Burneo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.275","article-title":"The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 in subcutaneous mature adipocytes: downregulation in human obesity and modulation by diet-induced weight loss","volume":"36","author":"Cancello","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788168164","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease","volume":"15","author":"Cani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0175","article-title":"Insights into Disparities Observed with COVID-19","author":"Carethers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3035","article-title":"Influence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction on the development of type 2 diabetes: the CARDIA study","volume":"26","author":"Carnethon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6929","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Oxidative Stress: A Complex Relationship","volume":"26","author":"Carrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxidants & Redox Signaling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30160-1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among adult inpatients with COVID-19 in France","volume":"8","author":"Caussy","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Silver Spring","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0195","article-title":"Obesity is associated with severe forms of COVID-19","author":"Caussy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00263","article-title":"Cholinergic Control of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188797","article-title":"Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by GTS-21 attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30058-2","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.008","article-title":"Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance of Neuro-immune Communication","volume":"46","author":"Chavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12479","article-title":"Bacteria activate sensory neurons that modulate pain and inflammation","volume":"501","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0235","volume":"2","author":"Consolim-Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Galantamine alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial. JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0024","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Cornier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0339","article-title":"Race\/Ethnic Issues in Obesity and Obesity-Related Comorbidities","volume":"89","author":"Cossrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08750-9","article-title":"Noninvasive sub-organ ultrasound stimulation for targeted neuromodulation","volume":"10","author":"Cotero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181cc0183","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation regulates hemostasis in swine","volume":"33","author":"Czura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-019-04365-7","article-title":"Effects and Mechanisms of Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese Rats","volume":"30","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12241","article-title":"Autonomic regulation therapy to enhance myocardial function in heart failure patients: the ANTHEM-HFpEF study","volume":"5","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2014.07.008","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Dietrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease","volume":"11","author":"Donath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09678-2","article-title":"Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure","volume":"360","author":"Ebbeling","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"365","author":"Eckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-010-0096-4","article-title":"Central adiposity, systemic inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Elks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Hypertension Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0295","series-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in obesity. In Obesity and Lipotoxicity (pp. 345-379): Springer","author":"Engin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2015.974804","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory agents to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Esser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1088","article-title":"Low production capacity of interleukin-10 associates with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes\u202f: the Leiden 85-Plus Study","volume":"51","author":"van Exel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02355-7","article-title":"Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: could nicotine be a therapeutic option?","volume":"15","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internal and Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0320","series-title":"Editorial: Nicotine and SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 may be a disease of the nicotinic cholinergic system","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30858-8","article-title":"Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed","volume":"395","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents","volume":"383","author":"Feldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05485-7","volume":"20","author":"Fragoso-Saavedra","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0604-563","article-title":"Modern science versus the stigma of obesity","volume":"10","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"dc200682","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0345","article-title":"Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Greater COVID-19 Severity","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165978","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors for Adverse Outcome in Patients Hospitalised with Acute Respiratory Disease Due to MERS Coronavirus or Other Causes","volume":"11","author":"Garbati","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-012-0227-0","article-title":"Adiponectin: a key playmaker adipocytokine in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Gatselis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012410","article-title":"Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Geleris","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0365","series-title":"Safety and efficacy of neurostimulation with a miniaturised vagus nerve stimulation device in patients with multidrug-refractory rheumatoid arthritis: a two-stage multicentre, randomised pilot study","author":"Genovese","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113508830","article-title":"Galantamine efficacy and tolerability as an augmentative therapy in autistic children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Ghaleiha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0375","first-page":"637","article-title":"Electrical vagus nerve stimulation decreases food consumption and weight gain in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"62","author":"Gil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0380","series-title":"Correlation Analysis Between Disease Severity and Inflammation-related Parameters in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. medRxiv, 2020.2002.2025.20025643","author":"Gong","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30200-0","article-title":"Genetics of obesity: what genetic association studies have taught us about the biology of obesity and its complications","volume":"6","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.06.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome: a unifying hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"Grattagliano","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0400","article-title":"Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report","author":"Group","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.004","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation: a review of its applications and potential mechanisms that mediate its clinical effects","volume":"29","author":"Groves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0372","article-title":"Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"89","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.151092","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Grundy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000050627.90734.ED","article-title":"Efferent vagal fibre stimulation blunts nuclear factor-kappaB activation and protects against hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock","volume":"107","author":"Guarini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.005","article-title":"Obesity-Induced Neuroinflammation: Beyond the Hypothalamus","volume":"40","author":"Guillemot-Legris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0430","series-title":"Overweight, obesity, and risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A community-based cohort study of adults in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 202011086","author":"Hamer","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.059","article-title":"Lifestyle risk factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and COVID-19 hospitalization: A community-based cohort study of 387,109 adults in UK","volume":"87","author":"Hamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy132","article-title":"The cholinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"141","author":"Hampel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2015.00142","article-title":"Galantamine Attenuates Type 1 Diabetes and Inhibits Anti-Insulin Antibodies in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice","volume":"21","author":"Hanes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb8855","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018","author":"Hales","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318791817","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US youth with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41285","article-title":"On the Alert for Cytokine Storm: Immunopathology in COVID-19","volume":"72","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatology, n\/a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19789","article-title":"A cholinergic basal forebrain feeding circuit modulates appetite suppression","volume":"538","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1514009","article-title":"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity","volume":"376","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01071","article-title":"Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution","volume":"10","author":"Honce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of the immune system presents new approaches for treating inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Hoover","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500488199","article-title":"Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0634-3","article-title":"Clinical epidemiological analyses of overweight\/obesity and abnormal liver function contributing to prolonged hospitalization in patients infected with COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000114707.27531.48","article-title":"The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22378","article-title":"Obesity as a Disease: The Obesity Society 2018 Position Statement","volume":"27","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.52","article-title":"Central cholinergic activation of a vagus nerve-to-spleen circuit alleviates experimental colitis","volume":"7","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1229","article-title":"Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"de Jonge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00066-1","article-title":"Heart rate variability in obesity and the effect of weight loss","volume":"83","author":"Karason","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American Journal of Cardiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa081","article-title":"Public health perspectives of smokeless tobacco and areca nut use in the COVID-19 era","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp017","article-title":"The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020245","article-title":"Obesity and the risk of heart failure","volume":"347","author":"Kenchaiah","year":"2002","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0535","first-page":"1779","article-title":"Adiponectin Expression From Human Adipose Tissue","volume":"52","author":"Kern","year":"2003","journal-title":"Relation to Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Expression"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3072","article-title":"Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metabolism Research and Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12964","article-title":"Nicotinic alpha 7 acetylcholine receptor deficiency exacerbates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"10","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00020","article-title":"Treating Depression with Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: State of the Art and Future Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13143","article-title":"Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity","volume":"108","author":"Konstantinides","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605635113","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"113","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29803","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008213117","article-title":"Identification of a brainstem locus that inhibits tumor necrosis factor","volume":"117","author":"Kressel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802254","article-title":"Acupuncture for the treatment of obesity: a review of the evidence","volume":"27","author":"Lacey","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E187","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00056.2011","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity leads to the development of leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons","volume":"301","author":"de Lartigue","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R657","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00345.2011","article-title":"Glucose sensing by gut endocrine cells and activation of the vagal afferent pathway is impaired in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"302","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00585","article-title":"Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling Regulates Innate Immune Responses and Inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Lehner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12398","article-title":"Noninvasive Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Whole Blood Culture-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines: A Randomized, Blinded, Healthy Control Pilot Trial","volume":"19","author":"Lerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.002218","article-title":"Meditation and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction","volume":"6","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a034330","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a034330","article-title":"Harnessing the Inflammatory Reflex for the Treatment of Inflammation-Mediated Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104530","article-title":"Neurostimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ameliorates disease in rat collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.05.007","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of auricular vagus nerve stimulation on high-fat-diet--induced obese rats","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.234708","article-title":"Metabolic surgery profoundly influences gut microbial-host metabolic cross-talk","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2801","article-title":"Increased Sympathetic and Decreased Parasympathetic Activity Rather Than Changes in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity Is Associated with Metabolic Abnormalities","volume":"95","author":"Licht","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","article-title":"Obesity in Patients Younger Than 60 Years Is a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Hospital Admission","volume":"71","author":"Lighter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.048","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1583","article-title":"Factors Associated With Death or Hospitalization Due to Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Infection in California","volume":"302","author":"Louie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00117","article-title":"alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling inhibits inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial DNA release","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57132","article-title":"Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"121","author":"Lumeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025635913927","article-title":"Genetic and Environmental Factors in Relative Body Weight and Human Adiposity","volume":"27","author":"Maes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0847","article-title":"Obesity-Associated Alterations in Glucose Metabolism Are Reversed by Chronic Bilateral Stimulation of the Abdominal Vagus Nerve","volume":"66","author":"Malbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0660","first-page":"6","article-title":"Hypertension in Obese Black Women is Not Caused by Increased Sympathetic Vascular Tone","author":"Marinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.154633","article-title":"An alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist reduces weight gain and metabolic changes in a mouse model of diabetes","volume":"332","author":"Marrero","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09919-6","article-title":"Feasibility of Therapeutic Effects of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway on COVID-19 Symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Mazloom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00177","article-title":"Role of Innate Immune Response in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Metabolic Complications and Therapeutic Tools","volume":"5","author":"Meli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000158136.76824.04","article-title":"State of disparities in cardiovascular health in the United States","volume":"111","author":"Mensah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.10.007","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve stimulation in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"160","author":"Meregnani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G651","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00195.2018","article-title":"Vagus nerve cholinergic circuitry to the liver and the gastrointestinal tract in the neuroimmune communicatome","volume":"315","author":"Metz","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0705","article-title":"Treating disorders across the lifespan by modulating cholinergic signaling with galantamine","author":"Metz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and obesity: Common inflammatory and metabolic aspects","volume":"14","author":"Michalakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009694","article-title":"Morbid Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hospitalization and Death Due to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Disease","volume":"5","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-019-0132-z","article-title":"Post-sepsis syndrome - an evolving entity that afflicts survivors of sepsis","volume":"26","author":"Mostel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.08.188","article-title":"Functional circuitry of neuro-immune communication in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen","volume":"82","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029546","article-title":"Study protocol for a randomised double-blinded, sham-controlled, prospective, cross-over clinical trial of vagal neuromodulation for pain treatment in patients with chronic pancreatitis","volume":"9","author":"Muthulingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0735","first-page":"S507","article-title":"Review of evidence on noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of migraine: efficacy, safety, and implications","volume":"24","author":"Mwamburi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Managed Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035098","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"349","author":"Nabel","year":"2003","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00038.Nathan","article-title":"Epidemic inflammation: pondering obesity","volume":"14","author":"Nathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.131","article-title":"Increased risk of influenza among vaccinated adults who are obese","volume":"41","author":"Neidich","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0755","first-page":"R51","volume":"51","author":"Neves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia: a molecular link between obesity and cardiovascular risk."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht182","article-title":"The use of cholinesterase inhibitors and the risk of myocardial infarction and death: a nationwide cohort study in subjects with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"34","author":"Nordstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1393.013","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex and the role of complementary and alternative medical therapies","volume":"1172","author":"Oke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00405","article-title":"alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR) expression in bone marrow-derived non-T cells is required for the inflammatory reflex","volume":"18","author":"Olofsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0780","series-title":"Inflammation: From Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms to the Clinic (Vol. 4, pp. 1485-1516): Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co","article-title":"The Neuroimmune Communicatome in Inflammation","author":"Olofsson","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12624","article-title":"Bioelectronic medicine: technology targeting molecular mechanisms for therapy","volume":"282","author":"Olofsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2011.17.4.338","article-title":"Vagal control of satiety and hormonal regulation of appetite","volume":"17","author":"Owyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-018-0097-1","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome: exercise as medicine?","volume":"10","author":"Paley","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803666","article-title":"Weight loss during chronic, cervical vagus nerve stimulation in depressed patients with obesity: an observation","volume":"31","author":"Pardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00079.Parrish","article-title":"Modulation of TNF release by choline requires alpha7 subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signaling","volume":"14","author":"Parrish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0021-3","article-title":"Collateral benefits of studying the vagus nerve in bioelectronic medicine","volume":"5","author":"Pavlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053158","article-title":"Molecular and Functional Neuroscience in Immunity","volume":"36","author":"Pavlov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a034140","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a034140","article-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine: From Preclinical Studies on the Inflammatory Reflex to New Approaches in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Pavlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600506103","article-title":"Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia","volume":"103","author":"Pavlov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259381.56526.96","article-title":"Selective alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Pavlov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.06.011","article-title":"Brain acetylcholinesterase activity controls systemic cytokine levels through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"23","author":"Pavlov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.189","article-title":"The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Pavlov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-015-8718-1","article-title":"Neural circuitry and immunity","volume":"63","author":"Pavlov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunologic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4477","article-title":"Neural regulation of immunity: molecular mechanisms and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"Pavlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0860","series-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine","author":"Pavlov","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0018-y","article-title":"Bioelectronic medicine: updates, challenges and paths forward","volume":"5","author":"Pavlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402177","article-title":"The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"9","author":"Pavlov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001068","article-title":"Obesity and Severe Obesity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"113","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Southern Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0885","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic","volume":"38","author":"Prompetchara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1517\/17425251003592137","article-title":"Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Prvulovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-020-00044-6","article-title":"Auricular neural stimulation as a new non-invasive treatment for opioid detoxification","volume":"6","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0900","series-title":"Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area","author":"Richardson","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30691-7","article-title":"Immunosuppression for hyperinflammation in COVID-19: a double-edged sword?","volume":"395","author":"Ritchie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0915","first-page":"e18","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"123","author":"Roger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0869-z","article-title":"Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?","volume":"28","author":"Romieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985","article-title":"Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit","volume":"334","author":"Rosas-Ballina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2016.00211","article-title":"Obesity paradox, obesity orthodox, and the metabolic syndrome: An approach to unity","volume":"22","author":"Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14306","article-title":"Association of race and sex with risk of incident acute coronary heart disease events","volume":"308","author":"Safford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Saltiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19749","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19749","article-title":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Cardiac Function by Preventing Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obese-Insulin Resistant Rats","volume":"6","author":"Samniang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2019.2012.2030.19016105","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0955","article-title":"Galantamine alleviates oxidative stress alongside anti-inflammatory and cardio-metabolic effects in subjects with the metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial","author":"Sangaleti","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00083","article-title":"Galantamine alleviates inflammation and other obesity-associated complications in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"17","author":"Satapathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047659","article-title":"Obesity a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection: Multiple Potential Mechanisms","volume":"142","author":"Sattar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160127111453","article-title":"Obstacles and Opportunities for Cholinergic Drug Development in the Treatment of Cognitive Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.046","article-title":"COVID-19 and racial disparities","volume":"83","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0980","article-title":"Long-term Follow-Up of Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction Receiving Autonomic Regulation Therapy in the ANTHEM-HF Pilot Study","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28898","article-title":"TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.059","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"132","author":"Shoelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000033219.24717.52","article-title":"Influence of leptin on arterial distensibility: a novel link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?","volume":"106","author":"Singhal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13911","article-title":"A 12-month pilot study outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease","volume":"32","author":"Sinniger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology and Motility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00177-z","article-title":"The \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, GTS-21, attenuates hyperoxia-induced acute inflammatory lung injury by alleviating the accumulation of HMGB1 in the airways and the circulation","volume":"26","author":"Sitapara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7268408","article-title":"Abdominal vagotomy blocks the satiety effect of cholecystokinin in the rat","volume":"213","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182426ebd","article-title":"Electroacupuncture improves survival in rats with lethal endotoxemia via the autonomic nervous system","volume":"116","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1025","series-title":"Hospitalized COVID-19 patients and venous thromboembolism: a perfect storm","author":"Spyropoulos","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1030","article-title":"Use of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to treat respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19: A theoretical hypothesis and early clinical experience","author":"Staats","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24620","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012358117","article-title":"Reduced development of COVID-19 in children reveals molecular checkpoints gating pathogenesis illuminating potential therapeutics","volume":"117","author":"Steinman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028836","article-title":"Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.228","article-title":"Cognitive function, dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly","volume":"7","author":"Strachan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61032-X","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"365","author":"Stumvoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb7755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2004.2.82","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Sutherland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055340","article-title":"Neuroimmunity: Physiology and Pathology","volume":"34","author":"Talbot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb9995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3742","article-title":"Obesity and Mortality Among Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: Results From an Integrated Health Care Organization","volume":"173","author":"Tartof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12879","article-title":"The Effects of Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Fatigue and Immune Responses in Patients With Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Tarn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02648","article-title":"Adenylyl Cyclase 6 Mediates Inhibition of TNF in the Inflammatory Reflex","volume":"9","author":"Tarnawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00772","article-title":"Editorial: Neuro-Immune Interactions in Inflammation and Autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Terrando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1937","article-title":"Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity","volume":"6","author":"Tilg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa077","article-title":"Beyond Smoking Cessation: Investigating Medicinal Nicotine to Prevent and Treat COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Tindle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01321","article-title":"The inflammatory reflex","volume":"420","author":"Tracey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2566","article-title":"Reflex control of immunity","volume":"9","author":"Tracey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01301","article-title":"Add-on Pyridostigmine Enhances CD4(+) T-Cell Recovery in HIV-1-Infected Immunological Non-Responders: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"8","author":"Valdes-Ferrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.06.008","article-title":"Chronic vagus nerve stimulation decreased weight gain, food consumption and sweet craving in adult obese minipigs","volume":"55","author":"Val-Laillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05487","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease","volume":"444","author":"Van Gaal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.248","article-title":"Influence of metabolic syndrome on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in obese adults","volume":"14","author":"Van Guilder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801655","article-title":"The role of postprandial releases of insulin and incretin hormones in meal-induced satiety\u2014effect of obesity and weight reduction","volume":"25","author":"Verdich","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00512","article-title":"Microvascular endothelial dysfunction in human obesity: role of TNF-\u03b1","volume":"104","author":"Virdis","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.05.005","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation...25 years later! What do we know about the effects on cognition?","volume":"45","author":"Vonck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endothelialitis plays a central role in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 and its cardiovascular complications","author":"Vrints","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Cardiologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3527","article-title":"Pten deletion in RIP-Cre neurons protects against type 2 diabetes by activating the anti-inflammatory reflex","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06852","article-title":"Upper intestinal lipids trigger a gut-brain-liver axis to regulate glucose production","volume":"452","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0855","article-title":"Activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway ameliorates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome as a Precursor of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548","article-title":"COVID-19 and African Americans","volume":"323","author":"Yancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07764-z","article-title":"Effective weight control via an implanted self-powered vagus nerve stimulation device","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000213","article-title":"Association Between Mind-Body Practice and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"77","author":"Younge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08721-0","article-title":"Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation of the spleen to treat inflammatory arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Zachs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1195","first-page":"E4843","article-title":"Identification of cytokine-specific sensory neural signals by decoding murine vagus nerve activity","volume":"115","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6409389","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6409389","article-title":"Acupuncture on Obesity: Clinical Evidence and Possible Neuroendocrine Mechanisms","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794_bb1205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154244","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"108","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820303259?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725820303259?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:12:29Z","timestamp":1759011149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163725820303259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":241,"alternative-id":["S0163725820303259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-7258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-7258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The evolving obesity challenge: targeting the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex in the response","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107794","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107794"}}