{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:50:33Z","timestamp":1793875833362,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T15:28:32Z","timestamp":1646666912000},"page":"108163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Efficacy and safety of immune-modulating therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haolu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Bridle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrell","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02323.x","article-title":"Oral budesonide in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"95","author":"Angulo","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02324.x","article-title":"A pilot study of pentoxifylline for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"95","author":"Bharucha","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.1.131","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor alpha impairs function of liver derived T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"49","author":"Bo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.025","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Boonstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26565","article-title":"Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"58","author":"Boonstra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0030","series-title":"Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program from research synthesis (version 3)","author":"Borenstein","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz088","article-title":"Vedolizumab therapy is ineffective for primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A GETAID multicentre cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Caron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23294","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"51","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14525","article-title":"Vedolizumab in patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease does not improve liver biochemistry but is safe and effective for the bowel disease","volume":"47","author":"Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25977","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis identifies risk loci at GPR35 and TCF4","volume":"58","author":"Ellinghaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000011827.87103.2e","article-title":"A pilot study of etanercept in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"49","author":"Epstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.03.031","article-title":"Extended analysis of a genome-wide association study in primary sclerosing cholangitis detects multiple novel risk loci","volume":"57","author":"Folseraas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315605821","article-title":"A review of the medical treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the 21st century","volume":"7","author":"Goode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease"},{"issue":"2295\u20132304","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0075","article-title":"Effects of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"18","author":"Hedin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181662426","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of infliximab in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"42","author":"Hommes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)01059-5","article-title":"Budesonide or prednisone in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: A randomized double-blind pilot study. Belgian-Dutch PSC Study Group","volume":"95","author":"van Hoogstraten","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3745","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies new risk loci and quantifies the genetic relationship with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"49","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.154","article-title":"Genetics of primary sclerosing cholangitis and pathophysiological implications","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis - a comprehensive review","volume":"67","author":"Karlsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.11.046","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"138","author":"Karlsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0115","first-page":"546","article-title":"Treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis with oral methotrexate","volume":"86","author":"Knox","year":"1991","journal-title":"Americal Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90610-6","article-title":"A double-blind controlled trial of oral-pulse methotrexate therapy in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"106","author":"Knox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.08.029","article-title":"Levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are surrogate end points of outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: An international follow-up study","volume":"147","author":"Lammers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90180-1","article-title":"Prospective trial of penicillamine in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"95","author":"Larusso","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1506330","article-title":"Primary Sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"375","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504063321406","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"332","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0145","first-page":"511","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid and methotrexate for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A pilot study","volume":"91","author":"Lindor","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.112","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"110","author":"Lindor","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0155","first-page":"57","article-title":"The combination of prednisone and colchicine in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"86","author":"Lindor","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2616","article-title":"Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies nine new risk loci for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"179\u2013187","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0165","article-title":"Effects of vedolizumab in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"18","author":"Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.728","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies two non-HLA susceptibility loci","volume":"43","author":"Melum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.10.011","article-title":"Impact of budesonide on liver function tests and gut inflammation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ileal pouch anal anastomosis","volume":"6","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90220-1","article-title":"Colchicine treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"108","author":"Olsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-016-0239-9","article-title":"A novel approach to genome-wide association analysis identifies genetic associations with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis in Polish patients","volume":"10","author":"Paziewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Medical Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1159\/000471874","article-title":"Immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02214.x","article-title":"A prospective, randomized-controlled pilot study of ursodeoxycholic acid combined with mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"20","author":"Sterling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0200","article-title":"ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0205","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40484.x","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"100","author":"Talwalkar","year":"2005","journal-title":"American J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01441.x","article-title":"Tacrolimus for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"27","author":"Talwalkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00872.x","article-title":"Characterization, outcome, and prognosis in 273 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: A single center study","volume":"102","author":"Tischendorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14829","article-title":"Effects of vedolizumab, adalimumab and infliximab on biliary inflammation in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"48","author":"Tse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0230","first-page":"455","article-title":"Tacrolimus (FK 506), a treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis: Results of an open-label preliminary trial","volume":"90","author":"Van Thiel","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01681-z","article-title":"Emerging therapies in primary sclerosing cholangitis: Pathophysiological basis and clinical opportunities","volume":"55","author":"Vesterhus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13110","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase at diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis and 1 year later: Evaluation of prognostic value","volume":"36","author":"de Vries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver International"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725822000572?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725822000572?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:24:18Z","timestamp":1759011858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163725822000572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0163725822000572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-7258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-7258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy and safety of immune-modulating therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108163","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108163"}}