{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:39:55Z","timestamp":1787593195928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":286,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"Innov\u00e1ci\u00f3s \u00e9s Technol\u00f3giai Miniszt\u00e9rium","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si, Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innovaci\u00f3s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TKP2021-EGA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T16:23:21Z","timestamp":1769790201000},"page":"108997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Connecting the dots and finding the way forward: Pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and psychotherapeutic interventions for the complex treatment of adult ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Xenia","family":"Gonda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mate","family":"Baradits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos M.","family":"R\u00e9thelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0005","first-page":"467","article-title":"ADHD diagnostic trends: Increased recognition or overdiagnosis?","volume":"119","author":"Abdelnour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001575","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of centanafadine sustained-release tablets in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Results of 2 phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231215283","article-title":"Pilot study of prism EFP NeuroFeedback in adult ADHD","volume":"28","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231222260","article-title":"A single-blind, placebo controlled trial of triple beaded mixed amphetamine salts in DSM-5 adults with ADHD assessing effects throughout the day","volume":"28","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13687","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of lisdexamfetamine in the treatment of comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo and adult ADHD","volume":"82","author":"Adler","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20549","article-title":"Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social anxiety disorder","volume":"26","author":"Adler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713485421","article-title":"Effectiveness and duration of effect of open-label lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Adler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00124-5","article-title":"The psychiatric genomics consortium: Discoveries and directions","author":"Agrawal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6484","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0045","article-title":"The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"367","author":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0050","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0055","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0060","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64148-9.00003-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"174","author":"Antshel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12778","article-title":"Research review: Diffusion tensor imaging studies of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analyses and reflections on head motion","volume":"59","author":"Aoki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2393-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the novel alpha(4)beta(2) neuronal nicotinic receptor partial agonist ABT-089 in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"219","author":"Apostol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115449","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Umbrella review of evidence generated across the globe","volume":"328","author":"Ayano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.194","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of alpha4beta2 agonist ABT-894 in adults with ADHD","volume":"38","author":"Bain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.751041","article-title":"Genetics in the ADHD clinic: How can genetic testing support the current clinical practice?","volume":"13","author":"Balogh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02425-w","article-title":"The role of glucocorticoid receptor gene in the association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and smaller brain structures","volume":"128","author":"Bandeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy109","article-title":"ADHD in children and youth: Part 1-Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity","volume":"23","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatrics & Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102394","article-title":"Self-esteem in children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review","volume":"108","author":"Betancourt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714538656","article-title":"Memantine in the treatment of executive function deficits in adults with ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Biederman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119832538","article-title":"Vortioxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study","volume":"33","author":"Biederman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.011","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"59","author":"Biederman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091292","article-title":"The risk of methylphenidate pharmacotherapy for adults with ADHD","volume":"16","author":"Bies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712443157","article-title":"Duloxetine in adults with ADHD: A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.006","article-title":"A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes","volume":"123","author":"Boland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00774-6","article-title":"Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions","volume":"19","author":"B\u00f6lte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20121686","article-title":"Genetic, clinical, and sociodemographic factors associated with stimulant treatment outcomes in ADHD","volume":"178","author":"Brikell","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00332-2","article-title":"ADHD medication discontinuation and persistence across the lifespan: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases","volume":"11","author":"Brikell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1409","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 genotype and atomoxetine therapy","volume":"106","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720961819","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkab021","article-title":"The structural connectome in ADHD","volume":"1","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00346-9","article-title":"Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: A potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"27","author":"Bymaster","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0175","series-title":"CADDRA - Canadian ADHD resource alliance: Canadian ADHD practice guidelines","author":"CADDRA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101742","article-title":"Biological predictors of treatment response in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Capuzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Personalized Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007813.pub3","article-title":"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults","author":"Castells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.6401","article-title":"Mortality in persons with autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Catal\u00e1-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261247","article-title":"The impact of psychological theory on the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults: A scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Champ","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101780","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medication consumption in 64 countries and regions from 2015 to 2019: A longitudinal study","volume":"58","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.10.011","article-title":"A protective role of low polygenic risk score in healthy individuals carrying attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder-associated copy number variations","volume":"95","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.009","article-title":"Risks and benefits of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medication on behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes: A qualitative review of pharmacoepidemiology studies using linked prescription databases","volume":"86","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12164","article-title":"Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse","volume":"55","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30482-1","article-title":"Disparate regulatory status of methylphenidate for adults with ADHD across Europe","volume":"7","author":"Chappuy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2023.2451","article-title":"A systematic meta-review of systematic reviews on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"66","author":"Chaulagain","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0230","first-page":"640","article-title":"Independent prediction of child psychiatric symptoms by maternal mental health and child polygenic risk scores","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.129","article-title":"Methylphenidate and mortality in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Population-based cohort study","volume":"220","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05261-2","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive functions in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorders","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716671197","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy with and without medication for adults with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Cherkasova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1364270","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial pulse stimulation in young adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A pilot, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-020-00998-0","article-title":"Global economic burden of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Chhibber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0044","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of HLD200, a delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate formulation, in healthy adults and in adolescents and children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"28","author":"Childress","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2265068","article-title":"Viloxazine extended-release capsules for the treatment of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder in adult patients","volume":"23","author":"Childress","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0270","first-page":"31","article-title":"Novel formulations of ADHD medications: Stimulant selection and management","volume":"19","author":"Childress","year":"2021","journal-title":"Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277175","article-title":"The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: A systematic literature review","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0280","article-title":"The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: Bringing evidence to the clinic: Perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG)","volume":"1-25","author":"Coghill","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-237","article-title":"Long-acting methylphenidate formulations in the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review of head-to-head studies","volume":"13","author":"Coghill","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0290","series-title":"Strattera\u00ae (atomoxetine hydrochloride) - Prescribing information","author":"Company","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027344","article-title":"Psychodynamic psychotherapy of ADHD: A review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Conway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.05.005","article-title":"Cannabinoids in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A randomised-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1900502","article-title":"Psychosis during attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder treatment with stimulants","volume":"380","author":"Cortese","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1917069","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder","volume":"383","author":"Cortese","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2023.2169604","article-title":"Evidence-based prescribing of medications for ADHD: Where are we in 2023?","volume":"24","author":"Cortese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.08.014","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"60","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11101521","article-title":"Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: A meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies","volume":"169","author":"Cortese","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02228-3","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of ADHD from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries: Data, with critical re-analysis, from the Global Burden of Disease study","author":"Cortese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071029","article-title":"Regulatory clearance and approval of therapeutic protocols of transcranial magnetic stimulation for psychiatric disorders","volume":"13","author":"Cotovio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102403","article-title":"Reduced fronto-striatal volume in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in two cohorts across the lifespan","volume":"28","author":"Cupertino","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"9983","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61684-6","article-title":"Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"385","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2016-102415","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of adults with ADHD: A meta-review","volume":"20","author":"De Crescenzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01285-8","article-title":"Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains","volume":"55","author":"Demontis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.05.011","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) in psychiatric and cognitive disorders: A systematic review","volume":"175","author":"Di Passa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12836","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A proof of concept randomised controlled trial","volume":"137","author":"Dittner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1701658","article-title":"ADHD: Current concepts and treatments in children and adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Drechsler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240584","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-020-00992-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of coadministered viloxazine extended-release (SPN-812) and methylphenidate in healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"Faison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Drug Investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001361","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of coadministered viloxazine extended-release (SPN-812) and lisdexamfetamine in healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"Faison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001","article-title":"The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities","volume":"87","author":"Faraone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","article-title":"The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder","volume":"128","author":"Faraone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00495-0","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Faraone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Disease Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0070-0","article-title":"Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"24","author":"Faraone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.3985","article-title":"Treatment outcomes with licensed and unlicensed stimulant doses for adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Farhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0208-3","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys","volume":"9","author":"Fayyad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0430","author":"FDA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.109897","article-title":"Novel pharmacological targets for GABAergic dysfunction in ADHD","volume":"249","author":"Ferranti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00825-w","article-title":"Viloxazine in the management of CNS disorders: A historical overview and current status","volume":"35","author":"Findling","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.006","article-title":"A practical guide to the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression","volume":"5","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001","article-title":"Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan","volume":"28","author":"Franke","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-020-09794-8","article-title":"Psychological treatments in adult ADHD: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Fullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0460","first-page":"318","article-title":"Caffeine, the most frequently consumed psychostimulant: A narrative review article","volume":"88","author":"Gahr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171900237X","article-title":"Impairments of large-scale functional networks in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"49","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.07.017","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder: Evidence from multiple genetically informed designs","volume":"95","author":"Garcia-Argibay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01919-9","article-title":"The role of ADHD genetic risk in mid-to-late life somatic health conditions","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Argibay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712443154","article-title":"Atomoxetine for treating ADHD symptoms in autism: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Ghanizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.972975","article-title":"A systematic review of reboxetine for treating patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"69","author":"Ghanizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G582","article-title":"Atomoxetine versus stimulants for treatment of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"40","author":"Gibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12673","article-title":"Recent developments in the genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"72","author":"Grimm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-1141-x","article-title":"Genetics of ADHD: What should the clinician know?","volume":"22","author":"Grimm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0505","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, triple-blinded, sham-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"14","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000219","article-title":"The effect of methylphenidate on decision making in patients with borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","author":"Gvirts","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2025.01.011","article-title":"Genomics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: What the clinician needs to know","volume":"48","author":"Haavik","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04356-6","article-title":"Dialectical behavioral therapy-based group treatment versus treatment as usual for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Halm\u00f8y","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0540-z","article-title":"Druggable genome in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and its co-morbid conditions. New avenues for treatment","volume":"26","author":"Hegvik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-002-0379-0","article-title":"Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults\u2014A pilot study using a structured skills training program","volume":"252","author":"Hesslinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0141-2","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy-based psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): An open clinical feasibility trial","volume":"7","author":"Hirvikoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05925-7","article-title":"Using polygenic scores in combination with symptom rating scales to identify attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"24","author":"H\u00f8berg","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0286-5","article-title":"Amfetamine and methylphenidate medications for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Complementary treatment options","volume":"21","author":"Hodgkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.03.375","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular risk associated with treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults","volume":"83","author":"Holt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30049-4","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: A cross-sectional mega-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hoogman","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18091033","article-title":"Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: A coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples","volume":"176","author":"Hoogman","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0868-4","article-title":"Mindfulness vs psychoeducation in adult ADHD: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"268","author":"Hoxhaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231222261","article-title":"Neural and cognitive predictors of stimulant treatment efficacy in medication-naive ADHD adults: A pilot diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"28","author":"Hung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231218450","article-title":"ADHD in adults: Does age at diagnosis matter?","volume":"28","author":"Hutt Vater","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01524-8","article-title":"Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Hyde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0585","article-title":"Current and investigational medication delivery systems for treating attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"18","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0188-3","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for ADHD in adults: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719836159","article-title":"A phase II double-blind, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety study of SPN-812 (extended-release viloxazine) in children with ADHD","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0600","series-title":"Clinical handbook of ADHD assessment and treatment across the lifespan","first-page":"209","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","author":"Kadlaskar","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02624-3","article-title":"Effects and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation on multiple health outcomes: An umbrella review of randomized clinical trials","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: Clinical implications of a dimensional approach","volume":"17","author":"Katzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5335","article-title":"Overdiagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Kazda","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13700","article-title":"Increased diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder despite stable hyperactive\/inattentive behaviours: Evidence from two birth cohorts of Australian children","volume":"64","author":"Kazda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230040","article-title":"Polygenic polarity in bipolar disorder","volume":"180","author":"Kelsoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0153","article-title":"A review of factors influencing the three phases of medication adherence in people with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18020149","article-title":"Genetic markers of ADHD-related variations in intracranial volume","volume":"176","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0640","series-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapies for ADHD","author":"Knouse","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.04.001","article-title":"Current status of cognitive behavioral therapy for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","author":"Knouse","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.124","article-title":"Dasotraline for the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial in adults","volume":"40","author":"Koblan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00869-z","article-title":"Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Historical challenges and emerging frontiers","volume":"25","author":"Koirala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115758","article-title":"Genetic contribution to the comorbidity between attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders","volume":"333","author":"Koller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001","article-title":"Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD","volume":"56","author":"Kooij","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1204914","article-title":"ADHD in old age: A review of the literature and proposal for assessment and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Kooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001","article-title":"Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD","volume":"56","author":"Kooij","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.10.006","article-title":"Task-based functional connectivity in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0685","article-title":"Meditation therapies for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"2010","author":"Krisanaprakornkit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01593-7","article-title":"Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"56","author":"LaBianca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hkjot.2017.05.001","article-title":"The effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention in attention on individuals with ADHD: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0700","first-page":"1","article-title":"The synergistic effect of genetic and environmental factors in the development of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents","author":"Leffa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2055","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation vs sham for the treatment of inattention in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: The TUNED randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Leffa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Lenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.03.009","article-title":"Neurophysiologic predictors of response to atomoxetine in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A pilot project","volume":"54","author":"Leuchter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220795","article-title":"Polygenic scores in psychiatry: On the road from discovery to implementation","volume":"179","author":"Lewis","year":"2022","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.0851","article-title":"ADHD pharmacotherapy and mortality in individuals with ADHD","volume":"331","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32828","article-title":"Mapping relationships between ADHD genetic liability, stressful life events, and ADHD symptoms in healthy adults","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36872","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in diagnosed ADHD among US children and adolescents, 2017\u20132022","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12455","article-title":"Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural-based interventions for adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder extends beyond core symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S433023","article-title":"Polygenic risk scores for bipolar disorder: Progress and perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0750","first-page":"300","article-title":"Brain structure and function show distinct relations with genetic predispositions to mental health and cognition","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-013-0106-x","article-title":"Long-acting stimulants for treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A focus on extended-release formulations and the prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate to address continuing clinical challenges","volume":"5","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010840.pub2","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719855685","article-title":"Efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments on comorbid internalizing symptoms of adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review","volume":"24","author":"L\u00f3pez-Pinar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0770","series-title":"Learning ACT: An acceptance and commitment therapy skills training manual for therapists","author":"Luoma","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1492126","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis for ADHD: An evaluation of evidence accumulated from human studies and animal models","volume":"15","author":"MacDonald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111517","article-title":"Management strategies for borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder comorbidities in adults with ADHD: A narrative review","volume":"13","author":"MacDonald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S62714","article-title":"A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Maneeton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S68393","article-title":"Exploratory meta-analysis on lisdexamfetamine versus placebo in adult ADHD","volume":"8","author":"Maneeton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.09.2795","article-title":"Attention benefits after a single dose of metadoxine extended release in adults with predominantly inattentive ADHD","volume":"126","author":"Manor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119427","article-title":"The changing prevalence of ADHD? A systematic review","volume":"388","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00010-5","article-title":"Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males?","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.5","article-title":"The relative contribution of common and rare genetic variants to ADHD","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2024-301303","article-title":"Components of cognitive-behavioural therapy for mitigating core symptoms in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analys","volume":"27","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ MENTAL Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-6673-1-3","article-title":"Common ground in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD)-review of recent findings","volume":"1","author":"Matthies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Borderline Personality Disorder Emotional Dysregulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000002020","article-title":"52-Week open-label safety and tolerability study of centanafadine sustained release in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"45","author":"Mattingly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01652-4","article-title":"Treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Study protocol for a parallel, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, multicenter trial (Stim-ADHD)","volume":"274","author":"Mauche","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674231166329","article-title":"The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"May","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220861","article-title":"Neurofeedback for ADHD: Time to call it quits?","volume":"179","author":"McGough","year":"2022","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0845","article-title":"Understanding the causal relationships of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder with mental disorders and suicide attempt: A network Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"26","author":"Meisinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Mentla Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02207-2","article-title":"Treatment biomarkers for ADHD: Taking stock and moving forward","volume":"12","author":"Michelini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0855","first-page":"242","article-title":"CYP2D6 and clinical response to atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"46","author":"Michelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30376","article-title":"Absence of association with DAT1 polymorphism and response to methylphenidate in a sample of adults with ADHD","volume":"141B","author":"Mick","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.06.011","article-title":"Meta-analysis of increased heart rate and blood pressure associated with CNS stimulant treatment of ADHD in adults","volume":"23","author":"Mick","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716660033","article-title":"Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: Section 4. Neurostimulation treatments","volume":"61","author":"Milev","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.2157","article-title":"Association between stimulant treatment and substance use through adolescence into early adulthood","volume":"80","author":"Molina","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01978-4","article-title":"The contribution of copy number variants to psychiatric symptoms and cognitive ability","volume":"28","author":"Mollon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07842","article-title":"Acceptance and commitment therapy for individuals having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Munawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3042","article-title":"Could polygenic risk scores be useful in psychiatry?: A review","volume":"78","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1628640","article-title":"Beyond stimulants: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing novel compounds for ADHD","volume":"19","author":"Nageye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00938-w","article-title":"A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of Viloxazine extended-release capsules in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"36","author":"Nasser","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001404","article-title":"A phase 3, placebo-controlled trial of once-daily viloxazine extended-release capsules in adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"41","author":"Nasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.05.021","article-title":"A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of once-daily SPN-812 (Viloxazine extended-release) in the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children","volume":"42","author":"Nasser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.01.027","article-title":"Once-daily SPN-812 200 and 400 mg in the treatment of ADHD in school-aged children: A phase III randomized, controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Nasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4401","article-title":"A phase 3 placebo-controlled trial of once-daily 400-mg and 600-mg SPN-812 (viloxazine extended-release) in adolescents with ADHD","volume":"51","author":"Nasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0925","series-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline NG87","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1066988","article-title":"Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods as well as the trends in clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Nazarova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0935","first-page":"435","article-title":"Neurofeedback for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: 25-month follow-up of double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000069","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for adult ADHD: A systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Nimmo-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v2i0.5609","article-title":"Brain stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"2","author":"Novakovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231154903","article-title":"Neuropsychological and symptom predictors of diagnostic persistence in ADHD: A 25-year follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"\u00d8ie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.068","article-title":"The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder beyond core symptoms: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"292","author":"Oliva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-022-00957-7","article-title":"Childhood executive functions and ADHD symptoms predict psychopathology symptoms in emerging adults with and without ADHD: A 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"51","author":"Orm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00360-2","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychological, and neurostimulatory interventions for ADHD in adults: A systematic review and component network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ostinelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0970","series-title":"The safety and efficacy of OPC-64005 in the treatment of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","author":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization","year":"2026"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01280-4","article-title":"Adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review of biological mechanisms, treatments, and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Pag\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05673-8","article-title":"One-year follow-up of the effectiveness and mediators of cognitive behavioural therapy among adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Secondary outcomes of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0985","article-title":"Recent trends in psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents in Ireland","author":"Parkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02173-1","article-title":"White matter alterations in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A systematic review of 129 diffusion imaging studies with meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Parlatini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1079620","article-title":"The use of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults with comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder","volume":"16","author":"Perugi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1000","article-title":"Treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review","author":"Peterson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.91","article-title":"Psychotherapy in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Implications for treatment and research","volume":"12","author":"Philipsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5682050","article-title":"Behavioral and cognitive impacts of mindfulness-based interventions on adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","volume":"2019","author":"Poissant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"issue":"10222","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"395","author":"Posner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-023-00128-z","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve stimulation: A current state-of-the-art review","volume":"9","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2020.1820481","article-title":"Emerging drugs for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"25","author":"Pozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-015-0165-2","article-title":"Addition of methylphenidate to intensive dialectical behaviour therapy for patients suffering from comorbid borderline personality disorder and ADHD: A naturalistic study","volume":"7","author":"Prada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-023-01023-6","article-title":"Extended-release viloxazine compared with atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"37","author":"Price","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103692","article-title":"Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on executive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-023-01005-8","article-title":"Nonstimulant medications for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Radonji\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02093-3","article-title":"Elevated risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Japanese children with higher genetic susceptibility to ADHD with a birth weight under 2000 g","volume":"19","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01143-7","article-title":"Differences in the genetic architecture of common and rare variants in childhood, persistent and late-diagnosed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"54","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2020-000612","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"43","author":"Rajaprakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics in Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30293-1","article-title":"Trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases","volume":"5","author":"Raman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.24.1.37","article-title":"Cbt for adult adhd: Adaptations and hypothesized mechanisms of change","volume":"24","author":"Ramsay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1075","series-title":"Rethinking adult ADHD: Helping clients turn intentions into actions","author":"Ramsay","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.540257","article-title":"Multiscale assessment of treatment efficacy in adults with ADHD: A randomized placebo-controlled, multi-centre study with extended-release methylphenidate","volume":"13","author":"Retz","year":"2012","journal-title":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1158","article-title":"Efficacy of reboxetine in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Riahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105313","article-title":"Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes","volume":"153","author":"Ribas\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718821731","article-title":"What do meta-analyses have to say about the efficacy of neurofeedback applied to children with ADHD? Review of previous meta-analyses and a new meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Riesco-Mat\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.073","article-title":"Salience and hedonic experience as predictors of central stimulant treatment response in ADHD - A resting state fMRI study","volume":"163","author":"Rode","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13677","article-title":"Editorial perspective: Are treatments for childhood mental disorders helpful in the long run? An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"64","author":"Roest","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1110","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Systematic review: How the attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder polygenic risk score adds to our understanding of ADHD and associated traits","volume":"60","author":"Ronald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054706288110","article-title":"A combined treatment approach for adults with ADHD\u2014Results of an open study of 43 patients","volume":"10","author":"Rostain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1120","series-title":"Kaplan & Sadock\u2019s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry","article-title":"Brain stimulation methods","author":"Rowny","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1125","first-page":"419","article-title":"Neurotherapeutics for ADHD: Do they work?","volume":"11","author":"Rubia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082156","article-title":"Neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A review","volume":"10","author":"Rubia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1135","first-page":"157","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral approaches to ADHD treatment in adults","volume":"67","author":"Safren","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1192","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"304","author":"Safren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1","article-title":"The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Salari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108564","article-title":"Retracing our steps: A review on autism research in children, its limitation and impending pharmacological interventions","volume":"253","author":"Salloum-Asfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1155","article-title":"ADHD and bipolar disorder in adulthood: Clinical and treatment implications","volume":"57","author":"Salvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0527-8","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have a similar burden of rare protein-truncating variants","volume":"22","author":"Satterstrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1165","series-title":"Clinical handbook of ADHD assessment and treatment across the lifespan","first-page":"17","article-title":"Gender differences in adults with ADHD","author":"Schiros","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2020.1818189","article-title":"Effects and feasibility of psychological interventions to reduce inattention symptoms in adults with ADHD: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Scholz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02628-y","article-title":"Gene-environment interaction in ADHD traits: The role of school environment, personality, callousness-unemotional traits and satisfaction with life","author":"Schwabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.743","article-title":"Feasibility of the Understanding and Managing Adult ADHD Programme: Open-access online group psychoeducation and acceptance and commitment therapy for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Seery","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJPsych open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1185","first-page":"2275","article-title":"Lisdexamfetamine prodrug activation by peptidase-mediated hydrolysis in the cytosol of red blood cells","volume":"10","author":"Sharman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00381-9","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","author":"Sibley","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.90","article-title":"Exocytosis-related genes and response to methylphenidate treatment in adults with ADHD","volume":"23","author":"da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-022-00030-1","article-title":"An overview on neurobiology and therapeutics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"3","author":"da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discover Mental Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Simon","year":"2009","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719829574","article-title":"Can EEG predict response to atomoxetine in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at 1 week?","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06570-4","article-title":"Pilot randomised controlled trial on the feasibility and intervention satisfaction with an educational group programme for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their caregivers","volume":"25","author":"Skliarova","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05908-8","article-title":"Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures","volume":"24","author":"Skliarova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02034-2","article-title":"Trends in use of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication among children and adolescents in Scandinavia in 2010-2020","volume":"32","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1235","series-title":"Kaplan & Sadock\u2019s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","author":"Spaniardi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0043","article-title":"New formulations of stimulants: An update for clinicians","volume":"29","author":"Steingard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018795703","article-title":"Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine, mixed amphetamine salts, methylphenidate, and modafinil in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Stuhec","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13871","article-title":"Early childhood general anesthesia and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2020.1731044","article-title":"L-Threonic acid magnesium salt supplementation in ADHD: An open-label pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Surman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Dietary Supplements"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.23m14934","article-title":"Solriamfetol for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults: A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"84","author":"Surman","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2020.1775889","article-title":"Resting-state network dysconnectivity in ADHD: A system-neuroscience-based meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Sutcubasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1270","author":"Targacept Inc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18040383","article-title":"Discoveries on the genetics of ADHD in the 21st century: New findings and their implications","volume":"175","author":"Thapar","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10024","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00238-X","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"387","author":"Thapar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12978","article-title":"Why young people stop taking their attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication: A thematic analysis of interviews with young people","volume":"48","author":"Titheradge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1020961","article-title":"The use of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications in cardiac disease","volume":"16","author":"Topriceanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161228122115","article-title":"Melatonin: Pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits","volume":"15","author":"Tordjman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02589-3","article-title":"Gene - maltreatment interplay in adult ADHD symptoms: Main role of a gene-environment correlation effect in a Brazilian population longitudinal study","volume":"29","author":"Tovo-Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02825-y","article-title":"ADHD medications use and risk of mortality and unintentional injuries: A population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Vasiliadis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1310","first-page":"CD009504","article-title":"Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults","volume":"10","author":"Verbeeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00393-0","article-title":"ADHD medication adherence: The importance of adequate prescribing","volume":"11","author":"Vertessen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.07.018","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances effort maintenance in ADHD","volume":"17","author":"V\u00f6ckel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231155438","article-title":"The impact of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on children\u2019s health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Wanni Arachchige Dona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231217088","article-title":"Drivers and barriers to tolerable and effective treatment for ADHD: The importance of treatment perseverance and duration of effect","volume":"28","author":"Way","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-30","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of CBT therapy for adults with ADHD with and without medication","volume":"12","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.3702","article-title":"Neurofeedback for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Westwood","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02227-4","article-title":"Clinical and cognitive effects of external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) in neurological and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Westwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1350","first-page":"497","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: A double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Westwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.190179","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Westwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0503-y","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study to determine the efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a controlled release (CR) formulation of mazindol in adults with DSM-5 attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"32","author":"Wigal","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231218925","article-title":"Treating executive function in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions","volume":"28","author":"Wilens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Wolraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1375","first-page":"265","article-title":"Neurostimulation in treating ADHD","volume":"31","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatria Danubina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.196","article-title":"The causal impact of maternal smoking around birth on offspring ADHD: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"351","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2025.06.012","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders: Teasing apart genetic similarities and differences","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends in Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1390","series-title":"Using REBT with common psychological problems: A therapist's casebook","author":"Yankura","year":"1997"},{"issue":"7903","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00693-4","article-title":"Constrained human genes under scrutiny","volume":"603","author":"Yengo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0735-0","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial reporting functional outcomes of cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and comorbid psychopathology","volume":"267","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716664413","article-title":"The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S256586","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of action of viloxazine: Serotonin and norepinephrine modulating properties","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110802","article-title":"Remote neurocognitive interventions for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder - Opportunities and challenges","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.4294","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medications and long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116551","article-title":"Dialectical behavioral therapy for adult attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"351","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997_bb1430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01039-6","article-title":"Common variants contribute to intrinsic human brain functional networks","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"}],"container-title":["Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725826000240?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163725826000240?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:33:44Z","timestamp":1777397624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163725826000240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":286,"alternative-id":["S0163725826000240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-7258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-7258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Connecting the dots and finding the way forward: Pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and psychotherapeutic interventions for the complex treatment of adult ADHD","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2026.108997","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108997"}}