{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:13:42Z","timestamp":1788495222153,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008672","name":"Wilhelm Sander Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024.028.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.028.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008672","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001661","name":"Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["495217943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["495217943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","phiro.science","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:40:30Z","timestamp":1784389230000},"page":"101042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A review on radiological properties of fused deposition modelling material for three-dimensional printing in proton and light ion beam therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0273-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Stengl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6581-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Mooshammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0918-3834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Mahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Runz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Vedelago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2023.103143","article-title":"A review of 3D printing utilisation in radiotherapy in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland","volume":"115","author":"Sands","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12907","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing in radiation oncology: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Rooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819870208","article-title":"A Systematic Review on 3D-Printed Imaging and Dosimetry Phantoms in Radiation Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Tino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071529","article-title":"FDM-based 3D printing of polymer and associated composite: A review on mechanical properties, defects and treatments","volume":"12","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-020-00091-4","article-title":"Comparing cost and print time estimates for six commercially-available 3D printers obtained through slicing software for clinically relevant anatomical models","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"3D Print Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b6","series-title":"Solvay KetaSpire NT1 HC PEEK","author":"igo3d","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.08.003","article-title":"Logistics of three-dimensional printing","volume":"25","author":"Hodgdon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academic Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071700","article-title":"Modification of 3D printable polymer filaments for radiation shielding applications","volume":"15","author":"Jreije","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies12080139","article-title":"Characterization of commercial and custom-made printing filament materials for computed tomography imaging of radiological phantoms","volume":"12","author":"Okkalidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22NT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac3047","article-title":"Personalized 3D-printed anthropomorphic phantoms for dosimetry in charged particle fields","volume":"66","author":"Halloran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15364","article-title":"A customizable anthropomorphic phantom for dosimetric verification of 3D-printed lung, tissue, and bone density materials","volume":"49","author":"Tino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.11.015","article-title":"Development of a 3D printed anthropomorphic lung phantom for image quality assessment in CT","volume":"57","author":"Hernandez-Giron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac4ef8","article-title":"An abdominal phantom with anthropomorphic organ motion and multimodal imaging contrast for MR-guided radiotherapy","volume":"67","author":"Weidner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad0902","article-title":"A phantom to simulate organ motion and its effect on dose distribution in carbon ion therapy for pancreatic cancer","volume":"68","author":"Stengl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b15","article-title":"Dose assessment in moving targets and organs at risk during carbon ion therapy for pancreatic cancer with respiratory gating","volume":"34","author":"Stengl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b16","series-title":"Proton beam therapy","isbn-type":"print","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-1370-4","author":"Paganetti","year":"2016","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780750313704"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acb637","article-title":"Development of optimised tissue-equivalent materials for proton therapy","volume":"68","author":"Cook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac4d04","article-title":"Personalized 3D-printed anthropomorphic whole-body phantom irradiated by protons, photons, and neutrons","volume":"8","author":"Tillery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac9031","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of a multimodal 3D printed mouse phantom for ionoacoustic quality assurance in image-guided pre-clinical proton radiation research","volume":"67","author":"Lascaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae6967","article-title":"Design, development and characterization of pregnant anthropomorphic phantoms for fetal dose measurements in proton therapy","volume":"71","author":"De Saint-Hubert","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12706","article-title":"3D-printable lung phantom for distal falloff verification of proton Bragg peak","volume":"20","author":"Koketsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e740","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13058","article-title":"Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound","volume":"45","author":"Filippou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.09.013","article-title":"Characterizing 3D printing in the fabrication of variable density phantoms for quality assurance of radiotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Madamesila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ad6f95","article-title":"Characterisation of 3D-printable thermoplastics to be used as tissue-equivalent materials in photon and proton beam radiotherapy end-to-end quality assurance devices","volume":"10","author":"Bento","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/009","article-title":"The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy treatment planning","volume":"41","author":"Schneider","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.72.860.10624344","article-title":"Relative electron density calibration of CT scanners for radiotherapy treatment planning","volume":"72","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b27","first-page":"358","article-title":"Evaluation of Hounsfield numbers and electron density for a CT simulator and their importance for radiotherapy treatments","volume":"15","author":"Rrakaqi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-019-01738-4","article-title":"Should radiologists care about kV? Phantom and clinical study of effects of kV on hemoperitoneum HU in the setting of splenic injuries","volume":"27","author":"Hickman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b29","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of CT x-ray tube voltage and current variations on the relative electron density (RED) and CT number conversion curves","volume":"13","author":"Afifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Radiat Res Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1357455","article-title":"Relation between carbon ion ranges and x-ray CT numbers","volume":"28","author":"J\u00e4kel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2014.11.001","article-title":"Optimization of the stopping-power-ratio to Hounsfield-value calibration curve in proton and heavy ion therapy","volume":"25","author":"Witt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4954148","article-title":"Commissioning of a relative stopping power to Hounsfield unit calibration curve for a Mevion proton radiation treatment unit","volume":"1747","author":"Schnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1051\/radiopro\/2019011","article-title":"Evaluation of CT calibration curves from stoichiometric and tissue substitute methods according to tissue characteristics","volume":"54","author":"Amini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radioprotection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596862","article-title":"An electron density calibration phantom for CT-based treatment planning computers","volume":"19","author":"Constantinou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b35","first-page":"S61","article-title":"Evaluation of relative electron densities calculated by CT numbers in different techniques of dual-energy CT","volume":"53","author":"Pojai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Radiat Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2025.112760","article-title":"Scanning protocol influence on relative electron Density-CT number calibrations and radiotherapy dose calculation for a Halcyon Linac","volume":"236","author":"Thanh Tai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109675","article-title":"Consensus guide on CT-based prediction of stopping-power ratio using a Hounsfield look-up table for proton therapy","volume":"184","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2009.05.004","article-title":"Ion stopping powers and CT numbers","volume":"35","author":"Moyers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/6\/016","article-title":"The precision of proton range calculations in proton radiotherapy treatment planning: experimental verification of the relation between CT-HU and proton stopping power","volume":"43","author":"Schaffner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i2.4523","article-title":"Relative stopping power measurements to aid in the design of anthropomorphic phantoms for proton radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac6725","article-title":"Improved accuracy of relative electron density and proton stopping power ratio through CycleGAN machine learning","volume":"67","author":"Scholey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acaf4a","article-title":"Dual-energy CT evaluation of 3D printed materials for radiotherapy applications","volume":"68","author":"Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.06.004","article-title":"Dosimetric characterization of 3D printed bolus at different infill percentage for external photon beam radiotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Ricotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.05.051","article-title":"Radiological properties of 3D printed materials in kilovoltage and megavoltage photon beams","volume":"38","author":"Dancewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14338\/IJPT-17-00024.1","article-title":"A new anthropomorphic pediatric spine phantom for proton therapy clinical trial credentialing","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Part Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.059","article-title":"A comprehensive review of emerging additive manufacturing (3D printing technology): Methods, materials, applications, challenges, trends and future potential","volume":"52","author":"Praveena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s43939-025-00349-w","article-title":"A comprehensive review of advancements in additive manufacturing for 3D printed medical components using diverse materials","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112519","article-title":"Advancements and limitations in 3D printing materials and technologies: A critical review","volume":"15","author":"Iftekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2018.07.021","article-title":"A review of 3D printing technology for medical applications","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2436-7185","article-title":"Current state and outlook in medical 3D printing and the role of radiology","volume":"197","author":"Streckenbach","year":"2025","journal-title":"R\u00f6fo Fortschr Geb R\u00f6ntgenstr Bild Verfahr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12278","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing CT-derived objects with controllable radiopacity","volume":"19","author":"Hamedani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7766","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15987","article-title":"Tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials with respect to attenuation and absorption of X-rays used for diagnostic and interventional imaging","volume":"49","author":"Kunert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2020.108906","article-title":"Commercial filament testing for use in 3D printed phantoms","volume":"174","author":"Savi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b54","article-title":"Assessment of 11 available materials with custom three-dimensional-printing patterns for the simulation of muscle, fat, and lung hounsfield units in patient-specific phantoms","volume":"1","author":"Okkalidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eng Sci Med Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.104904","article-title":"Characterization and evaluation methods of fused deposition modeling and stereolithography additive manufacturing for clinical linear accelerator photon and electron radiotherapy applications","volume":"130","author":"Bustillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199768","article-title":"Characterization of tissue equivalent materials using 3D printing for patient-specific DQA in radiation therapy","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.02.008","article-title":"Computed tomography tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials","volume":"28","author":"Jusufbegovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13064","article-title":"Fabrication of a pediatric torso phantom with multiple tissues represented using a dual nozzle thermoplastic 3D printer","volume":"21","author":"Mille","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b59","article-title":"A radiographic analysis of common 3D print materials and assessment of their fidelity within vertebral models","volume":"8","author":"Pullen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann 3D Print Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b60","series-title":"Characterization of CT Hounsfield Units uniformity of 3D printed materials for proton therapy","author":"Orton","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2024.1323788","article-title":"Dosimetric characteristics of 3D-printed and epoxy-based materials for particle therapy phantoms","volume":"12","author":"Brunner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109726","article-title":"Validation of polylactic acid polymer as soft tissue substitutive in radiotherapy","volume":"189","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-019-00818-6","article-title":"PLA as a suitable 3D printing thermoplastic for use in external beam radiotherapy","volume":"42","author":"Van Der Walt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b64","first-page":"28","article-title":"Radiological evaluation of the effects of printing parameters on 3D printed cylindrical LW-PLA samples: Preliminary results","volume":"3","author":"\u00d6zsoykal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.591","article-title":"Not all 3D-printed bolus is created equal: Variation between 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) bolus samples sourced from external manufacturers","volume":"69","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Radiat Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2022.02.001","article-title":"3D printed patient-specific thorax phantom with realistic heterogenous bone radiopacity using filament printer technology","volume":"32","author":"Hatamikia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13495","article-title":"Mechanical and medical imaging properties of 3D-printed materials as tissue equivalent materials","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.14316\/pmp.2019.30.4.155","article-title":"Radiological characteristics of materials used in 3-dimensional printing with various infill densities","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.102512","article-title":"Realistic 3D printed CT imaging tumor phantoms for validation of image processing algorithms","volume":"105","author":"Hatamikia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2023.165210","article-title":"Deterioration of 3D printed multicomponent radiotherapy dosimetry phantom\u2019s properties upon high energy irradiation","volume":"547","author":"Laurikaitiene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-025-02646-3","article-title":"Application of 3D-printed compensators for proton pencil beam scanning of shallowly localized pediatric tumors","volume":"20","author":"Wochnik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.4959","article-title":"Potential of 3D printing technologies for fabrication of electron bolus and proton compensators","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.763960","article-title":"Classification of X-ray attenuation properties of additive manufacturing and 3D printing materials using computed tomography from 70 to 140 kVp","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4962033","article-title":"Towards 3D printed multifunctional immobilization for proton therapy: Initial materials characterization","volume":"43","author":"Michiels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2024.169119","article-title":"Determination of the water equivalent thickness of 3D printed samples for the therapeutic proton beams","volume":"1061","author":"Stuchebrov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5506\/APhysPolB.51.409","article-title":"Water equivalence of various 3D printed materials for proton therapy \u2014 Monte Carlo simulation, treatment planning modelling and validation by measurements","volume":"51","author":"Wochnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Phys Pol B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-020-00358-6","article-title":"Simulating tissues with 3D-printed and castable materials","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12NT02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ade2b6","article-title":"Development of a breathing lung phantom for proton CT imaging","volume":"70","author":"Wegener","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-017-9954-9","article-title":"Imaging properties of 3D printed materials: Multi-energy CT of filament polymers","volume":"30","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018617","article-title":"Development of a CT imaging phantom of anthromorphic lung using fused deposition modeling 3D printing","volume":"99","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25891","article-title":"Effects of printing parameters on the tensile behavior of 3D-printed acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) material in Z direction","volume":"62","author":"El Magri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym Eng Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b82","article-title":"Studies on the tissue and water equivalence of some 3D printing materials and dosimeters","volume":"198","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.22437\/jiituj.v9i3.42846","article-title":"Study of 3D printing HIPS breast phantom material: Effect of exposure voltage variation and nodule size","volume":"9","author":"Yunianto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ilm Ilmu Ter Univ Jambi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030459","article-title":"Bismuth infusion of ABS enables additive manufacturing of complex radiological phantoms and shielding equipment","volume":"17","author":"Ceh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-016-0148-1","article-title":"Organ-specific SPECT activity calibration using 3D printed phantoms for molecular radiotherapy dosimetry","volume":"3","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b86","first-page":"P09018","article-title":"Tissue-equivalence of 3D-printed plastics for medical phantoms in radiology","volume":"13","author":"Solc","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b87","series-title":"EasyFilABS","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b88","series-title":"ABS+","author":"Fiberlogy","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b89","series-title":"ABS-Glow","author":"Matterhackers","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b90","series-title":"ABS-Wood","author":"Siddament","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b91","series-title":"Nylon-230","author":"Filament2print","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b92","series-title":"Formfutura-PETG-Carbonfil","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b93","series-title":"EasyfilPLA","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b94","series-title":"PLA-Copper","author":"Colorfabb","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b95","series-title":"PLA-Cork","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b96","series-title":"PLA-Steel","author":"Proto-Pasta","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b97","series-title":"Stonefil PLA","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b98","series-title":"Formfutura PLA-Easywood","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b99","series-title":"PP","author":"Formfutura","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b100","series-title":"TPU","author":"Polymaker","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b101","series-title":"Lookup table for \u201cA review on radiological properties of fused deposition modelling material for three-dimensional printing in proton and light ion beam therapy\u201d [dataset]","author":"Stengl","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123396","article-title":"Structure and properties of polylactic acid\/butenediol vinyl alcohol copolymer blend fibers","volume":"232","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b103","series-title":"Poylethylene, cholrinated","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b104","series-title":"Polymer data handbook","author":"Mark","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b105","series-title":"Vinyl-chloride","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081239","article-title":"Mechanical properties of FDM printed PLA parts before and after thermal treatment","volume":"13","author":"Chalgham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16081106","article-title":"Mechanical properties and performance of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene reinforced with carbon, glass and basalt short fibers","volume":"16","author":"Lobov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965545X22700365","article-title":"Influence of 3D printing conditions of polyethylene terephthalate glycol on the mechanical properties of products based on it","volume":"64","author":"Kotomin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym Sci Ser A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13152519","article-title":"Influence of 3D-printed TPU properties for the design of elastic products","volume":"13","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Parada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b110","first-page":"475","article-title":"Lifelike and deformable lung phantoms for 4DCT imaging: A three-dimensional printing approach","volume":"2024","author":"Im","year":"2024","journal-title":"Conf Proc Int Conf Image Form Xray Comput Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b111","series-title":"Computed tomography: fundamentals, system technology, image quality, applications","author":"Kalender","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2017.1372625","article-title":"A comparison of relative proton stopping power measurements across patient size using dual- and single-energy CT","volume":"56","author":"Michalak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v7i4.414","article-title":"3D printing polymer-based bolus used for radiotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Bioprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2023.06.006","article-title":"Advances and challenges in conducting clinical trials with proton beam therapy","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.70446","article-title":"AAPM Task Group Report 336: Quality assurance for 3D printing in medical imaging and radiation therapy applications","volume":"53","author":"Leng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-024-2407-8","article-title":"3D printed phantoms for medical imaging: recent developments and challenges","volume":"38","author":"Wegner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mech Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/machines9080163","article-title":"Study on the importance of a slicer selection for the 3D printing process parameters via the investigation of G-code readings","volume":"9","author":"Bry\u0142a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-023-01318-4","article-title":"Use of light-weight foaming polylactic acid as a lung-equivalent material in 3D printed phantoms","volume":"46","author":"Crowe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7070","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14227070","article-title":"Thermal deformations of thermoplast during 3D printing: Warping in the case of ABS","volume":"14","author":"Ramian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10527-022-10219-x","article-title":"The influence of the fill and extrusion factors in 3D printing on the electron and X-ray densities of plastic products","volume":"56","author":"Bushmina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2026.113894","article-title":"The effects of 3D-printed samples structure on proton depth dose distribution","volume":"245","author":"Polomoshnova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020695","article-title":"Effects of infill density, wall perimeter and layer height in fabricating 3D printing products","volume":"16","author":"Mazlan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2015.45.5.217","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional printing for manufacturing replica teeth","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160165","article-title":"Measuring and establishing the accuracy and reproducibility of 3D printed medical models","volume":"37","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b125","first-page":"265","article-title":"Quantifying effects of material extrusion additive manufacturing process on mechanical properties of lattice structures using as-fabricated voxel modeling","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.14102","article-title":"A quick guide on implementing and quality assuring 3D printing in radiation oncology","volume":"24","author":"Ashenafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042581","article-title":"Effectsof Gamma irradiation upon the mechanical and chemical properties of 3D-printed samples of PolylacticAcid","volume":"141","author":"West","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Manuf Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110677","article-title":"Connecting radiation-driven changes in structural, thermal, and mechanical properties in several medical device polymers","volume":"221","author":"Hasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b129","first-page":"IMECE2016","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the effects of gamma radiation on 3D printed ABS for in-space manufacturing purposes","volume":"1","author":"Rankouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Soc Mech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_27_23","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison between single-energy computed tomography and dual-energy computed tomography relative to stopping power estimation in proton therapy","volume":"48","author":"Chirdchid","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2021.11.008","article-title":"Treatment plan comparison of proton vs photon radiotherapy for lower-grade gliomas","volume":"20","author":"Byskov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9264","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.17420","article-title":"3D printing of realistic body phantoms: Comparison of measured and simulated organ doses on the example of a CT scan on a pregnant woman","volume":"51","author":"Kunert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18070805","article-title":"Investigation of polymer adhesion of materials in multimaterial FFF process","volume":"18","author":"Seregi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092229","article-title":"Preparation of polylactic acid\/calcium peroxide composite filaments for fused deposition modelling","volume":"15","author":"Mohammed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27578","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c03063","article-title":"Heterogeneous calcium oxide catalytic filaments for three-dimensional printing: Preparation, characterization, and use in methyl ester production","volume":"9","author":"Pongraktham","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042_b136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2025.102606","article-title":"Development and characterization of calcium carbonate reinforced PLA composite filament for sustainable fabrication of TPMS and FG-TPMS structures using FFF","volume":"59","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos Commun"}],"container-title":["Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405631626001429?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405631626001429?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:31:03Z","timestamp":1788492663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405631626001429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":136,"alternative-id":["S2405631626001429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-6316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-6316","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A review on radiological properties of fused deposition modelling material for three-dimensional printing in proton and light ion beam therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phro.2026.101042","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Society of Radiotherapy & Oncology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101042"}}