{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:36:14Z","timestamp":1784932574866,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T12:45:27Z","timestamp":1559652327000},"page":"104296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Current and future targeted therapies for severe asthma: Managing treatment with biologics based on phenotypes and biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Pierachille","family":"Santus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Patella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Radovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0005","series-title":"Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention","first-page":"1","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202013","article-title":"International ERS\/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12880","article-title":"Revisiting type 2-high and type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications","volume":"47","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.10.007","article-title":"Heterogeneity of phenotypes in severe asthmatics. The Belgian Severe Asthma Registry (BSAR)","volume":"108","author":"Schleich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0896OC","article-title":"Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the severe asthma research program","volume":"181","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0030","first-page":"343","article-title":"International ERS\/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma","volume":"43","author":"Sterk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.12.019","article-title":"Strategies towards improving pharmacological management of asthma during pregnancy","volume":"130","author":"Grzeskowiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.10.008","article-title":"Relationship between diabetes and respiratory diseases\u2014clinical and therapeutic aspects","volume":"137","author":"Visca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Asthma is associated with increased susceptibility to infection","volume":"106","author":"Patella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61452-X","article-title":"Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease","volume":"372","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00158","article-title":"Asthma endotypes and an overview of targeted therapy for asthma","volume":"4","author":"Svenningsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-018-0192-5","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in asthma","volume":"11","author":"Caminati","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.08.005","article-title":"Disconnect of type 2 biomarkers in severe asthma; dominated by FeNO as a predictor of exacerbations and periostin as predictor of reduced lung function","volume":"143","author":"Mansur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608969","article-title":"Severe and difficult-to-treat asthma in adults","volume":"377","author":"Israel","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2016.1216316","article-title":"Biologics targeting IL-5, IL-4 or IL-13 for the treatment of asthma\u2013an update","volume":"13","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0601-1","article-title":"Th9 and other IL-9-producing cells in allergic asthma","volume":"39","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3049","article-title":"The immunology of asthma","volume":"16","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"September (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.4089","article-title":"TH 17 cells mediate steroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice","volume":"181","author":"Mckinley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S15081","article-title":"Clinical update on the use of biomarkers of airway inflammation in the management of asthma","volume":"4","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.044","article-title":"Biomarker surrogates do not accurately predict sputum eosinophil and neutrophil percentages in asthmatic subjects","volume":"132","author":"Hastie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12345","article-title":"Full blood count parameters for the detection of asthma inflammatory phenotypes","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030713","article-title":"A novel insight on endotyping heterogeneous severe asthma based on endoplasmic reticulum stress: beyond the \u201ctype 2\/non-type 2 dichotomy\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0751-9","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and allergic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1205085","article-title":"Tunicamycin aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress and airway inflammation via PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling in a murine model of neutrophilic asthma","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2017.1313117","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers for asthma endotyping and consequent personalized therapy","volume":"13","author":"Ciprandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.11.029","article-title":"Changing paradigms in the treatment of severe asthma: the role of biologic therapies","volume":"5","author":"Katial","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000336","article-title":"IgE and eosinophils as therapeutic targets in asthma","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1032","article-title":"Looking for airways periostin in severe asthma","volume":"154","author":"Lepore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.009","article-title":"Biomarkers in asthmatic patients: has their time come to direct treatment?","volume":"137","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00800-2017","article-title":"Characterisation of asthma subgroups associated with circulating YKL-40 levels","volume":"50","author":"Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704928","article-title":"An assay to evaluate the long-term effects of inflammatory mediators on murine airway smooth muscle: evidence that TNF\u03b1 up-regulates 5-HT2A -mediated contraction","volume":"137","author":"Adner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0165","article-title":"Exhaled volatile organic compounds are able to discriminate between neutrophilic and eosinophilic asthma","author":"Schleich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3769-4","article-title":"Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome is not associated with local production of specific IgE in nasal mucosa","volume":"273","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403290","article-title":"Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"371","author":"Ortega","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00042-9","article-title":"Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"3","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30031-5","article-title":"Severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab stratified by baseline eosinophil thresholds: a secondary analysis of the DREAM and MENSA studies","volume":"4","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30125-X","article-title":"Efficacy of mepolizumab add-on therapy on health-related quality of life and markers of asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma (MUSCA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3b trial","volume":"5","author":"Chupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465817717134","article-title":"Reslizumab in the treatment of inadequately controlled asthma in adults and adolescents with elevated blood eosinophils: clinical trial evidence and future prospects","volume":"11","author":"M\u00e1spero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1212371","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2019.100030","article-title":"Patients beliefs on intravenous and subcutaneous routes of administration of biologics for severe asthma treatment: a cross-sectional observational survey study","volume":"12","author":"Santus","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31322-8","article-title":"Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31324-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting \u03b22-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Bleecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.026","article-title":"Outcomes after cessation of mepolizumab therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma: a 12-month follow-up analysis","volume":"133","author":"Haldar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1048220","article-title":"The discovery and development of omalizumab for the treatment of asthma","volume":"10","author":"Licari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.03.010","article-title":"Omalizumab in asthma: an update on recent developments","volume":"2","author":"Humbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"issue":"January (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0235","article-title":"Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children","author":"Normansell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-018-0214-3","article-title":"Improvement of patient-reported outcomes in severe allergic asthma by omalizumab treatment: the real life observational PROXIMA study","volume":"11","author":"Canonica","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.026","article-title":"Factors reducing omalizumab response in severe asthma","volume":"52","author":"Sposato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.09.050","article-title":"Asthma symptom re-emergence after omalizumab withdrawal correlates well with increasing IgE and decreasing pharmacokinetic concentrations","volume":"123","author":"Slavin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.02.027","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of multiple doses of QGE031 (ligelizumab) versus omalizumab and placebo in inhibiting allergen-induced early asthmatic responses","volume":"138","author":"Gauvreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0260","unstructured":"Long-term Safety Study of QGE031 in Patients With Allergic Asthma Who Completed Study CQGE031B2201 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02075008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0347-2","article-title":"A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of quilizumab in adults with inadequately controlled allergic asthma","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206719","article-title":"Lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe asthma: pooled data from two randomised placebo-controlled studies","volume":"70","author":"Hanania","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.12.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in adult patients with mild-to-moderate asthma not receiving inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"134","author":"Korenblat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30265-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in patients with uncontrolled asthma (LAVOLTA I and LAVOLTA II): replicate, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Hanania","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00197-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tralokinumab in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"3","author":"Brightling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1387245","article-title":"Dupilumab for the treatment of asthma","volume":"17","author":"Pelaia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0702-4","article-title":"Liberty asthma QUEST: phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to evaluate dupilumab efficacy\/safety in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"35","author":"Busse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2010.524203","article-title":"Pitrakinra for asthma","volume":"10","author":"Antoniu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61600-6","article-title":"Effect of an interleukin-4 variant on late phase asthmatic response to allergen challenge in asthmatic patients: results of two phase 2a studies","volume":"370","author":"Wenzel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2266","article-title":"Antagonism of the prostaglandin D2 receptors DP1 and CRTH2 as an approach to treat allergic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Pettipher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2016.1212838","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists in early development as potential therapeutic options for asthma","volume":"25","author":"Santus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00670-2017","article-title":"Fevipiprant, an oral prostaglandin DP2 receptor (CRTh2) antagonist, in allergic asthma uncontrolled on low-dose inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"50","author":"Bateman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0325","unstructured":"Study of Safety of QAW039 in Patients With Asthma Inadequately Controlled on Standard-of-care Asthma Treatment - ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03052517."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0330","unstructured":"Effect of OC000459 on Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Severe Asthma - ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02560610."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00092111","article-title":"Inhibition of the asthmatic allergen challenge response by the CRTH2 antagonist OC000459","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646450","article-title":"GATA-3-specific DNAzyme\u2014a novel approach for stratified asthma therapy","volume":"47","author":"Garn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411776","article-title":"Allergen-induced asthmatic responses modified by a GATA3-specific DNAzyme","volume":"372","author":"Krug","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.8183","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity","volume":"174","author":"Ying","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0355","unstructured":"Study to Evaluate Tezepelumab in Adults & Adolescents With Severe Uncontrolled Asthma - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03347279."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0360","unstructured":"Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tezepelumab in Reducing Oral Corticosteroid Use in Adults With Oral Corticosteroid Dependent Asthma - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03406078."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402895","article-title":"Effects of an anti-TSLP antibody on allergen-induced asthmatic responses","volume":"370","author":"Gauvreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050580","article-title":"Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in refractory asthma","volume":"354","author":"Berry","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2318OC","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab, a human anti\u2013IL-17 receptor monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe asthma","volume":"188","author":"Busse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0380","unstructured":"Efficacy and Safety of BI 655066\/ABBV-066 (Risankizumab) in Patients With Severe Persistent Asthma - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02443298. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02443298?cond=NCT02443298&rank=1 (Accessed 2 April 2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2017.05.012","article-title":"Effects of the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 on lung neutrophil recruitment in asthma","volume":"45","author":"Watz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30227-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a CXCR2 antagonist, AZD5069, in patients with uncontrolled persistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Byrne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04014.x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a CXCR2 antagonist in patients with severe asthma and sputum neutrophils: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661819307066?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661819307066?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T22:01:45Z","timestamp":1760911305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661819307066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S1043661819307066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current and future targeted therapies for severe asthma: Managing treatment with biologics based on phenotypes and biomarkers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104296","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104296"}}