{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:57:10Z","timestamp":1767859030071,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007343","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T21:42:22Z","timestamp":1589319742000},"page":"104904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"158","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3902-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Quiros Roldan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Biasiotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"March (177)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0005","article-title":"Of chloroquine and COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Touret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"July (7)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1930","article-title":"Viral infection and iron metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Drakesmith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"November (6108)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224577","article-title":"Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis","volume":"338","author":"Drakesmith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"January (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2366-2","article-title":"Iron and infection","volume":"107","author":"Ganz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1100356","article-title":"Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy","volume":"12","author":"Klionsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"November (11)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5","article-title":"Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today\u2019s diseases?","volume":"3","author":"Savarino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"1282","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"March (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"March (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"issue":"March (9)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0050","first-page":"ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0055","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?","volume":"11","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"August (22)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","article-title":"Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"March (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00571-5","article-title":"Structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0070","article-title":"Structural and molecular modeling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"3","author":"Fantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"October (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0075","article-title":"A chloroquine-induced macrophage-preconditioning strategy for improved nanodelivery","volume":"7","author":"Wolfram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"August (16)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00253-07","article-title":"Clathrin-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into target cells expressing ACE2 with the cytoplasmic tail deleted","volume":"81","author":"Inoue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"March 4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0085","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"February (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.15","article-title":"SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0095","article-title":"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade","volume":"176","author":"Coutard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"August (32)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21899","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802444200","article-title":"Inhibition of Chikungunya virus infection in cultured human muscle cells by furin inhibitors: impairment of the maturation of the E2 surface glycoprotein","volume":"283","author":"Ozden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"May (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1182-0","article-title":"Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge","volume":"16","author":"Schoeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"February (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E678","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030678","article-title":"Emerging regulatory roles of dual-specificity phosphatases in inflammatory airway disease","volume":"20","author":"Manley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"February (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.011","article-title":"Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK","volume":"77","author":"Kono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.010","article-title":"Chloroquine inhibits lytic replication of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by disrupting mTOR and p38-MAPK activation","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"April (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8243-x","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"August (8)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0656-y","article-title":"Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: a mini-review","volume":"38","author":"Plantone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"issue":"April (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3818","article-title":"The ins and outs of MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation","volume":"15","author":"Roche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2018.07.001","article-title":"Macrophages: their untold story in t cell activation and function","volume":"342","author":"Guerriero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"June (11)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.11.3460","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine inhibits calcium signals in T cells: a new mechanism to explain its immunomodulatory properties","volume":"95","author":"Goldman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"June (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170737","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"January (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00729.x","article-title":"Regulatory molecules required for nucleotide-sensing Toll-like receptors","volume":"227","author":"Saitoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"August (18)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.06.100","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through Akt and tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling","volume":"580","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"issue":"February (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(02)00036-1","article-title":"Cationic amphiphilic drugs and platelet phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2))","volume":"105","author":"Nos\u00e1l","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0170","article-title":"The role of cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease","volume":"3","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"April (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0175","article-title":"The versatile heparin in COVID-19","author":"Thachil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"January (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0180","first-page":"e01463","article-title":"Inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase a(2)\u03b1 impairs an early step of coronavirus replication in cell culture","volume":"92","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"March (27)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0185","first-page":"137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"March (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0190","article-title":"How to reduce the likelihood of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation mediated by IL-1","volume":"34","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"issue":"May (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0195","first-page":"803","article-title":"Selective regulation of cytokine secretion by hydroxychloroquine: inhibition of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1-alpha) and IL-6 in human monocytes and T cells","volume":"20","author":"Sperber","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"September (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0200","first-page":"127","article-title":"Chloroquine-induced inhibition of the production of TNF, but not of IL-6, is affected by disruption of iron metabolism","volume":"80","author":"Picot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"January (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0205","first-page":"55","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine equally affect tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"24","author":"Van den Borne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"May (10)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.10.4901","article-title":"Chloroquine inhibits processing of tumor necrosis factor in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"158","author":"Jeong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"February (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00140-2","article-title":"The potential place of chloroquine in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"20","author":"Boelaert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"issue":"November (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCI.0000010424.41475.17","article-title":"Gold sodium thiomalate and chloroquine inhibit cytokine production in monocytic THP-1 cells through distinct transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Seitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"February (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2003.12.006","article-title":"Chloroquine protects mice from challenge with CpG ODN and LPS by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine release","volume":"4","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"June (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei282","article-title":"Chloroquine inhibits production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes\/macrophages by different modes","volume":"45","author":"Jang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"June (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12154","article-title":"Chloroquine interferes with dengue-2 virus replication in U937 cells","volume":"58","author":"Farias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"August (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.090","article-title":"Antibody-dependent SARS coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.01.025","article-title":"MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile","volume":"104","author":"Mahallawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"December","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.06.008","article-title":"Anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy in inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"180","author":"Malaviya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"September (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.03.007","article-title":"How is inflammation initiated? Individual influences of IL-1, IL-18 and HMGB1","volume":"69","author":"Keyel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0260","article-title":"Recommendations for coronavirus infection in rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy","volume":"109","author":"Ceribelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0265","article-title":"The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"April (13)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0270","article-title":"Rapid and severe Covid-19 pneumonia with severe acute chest syndrome in a sickle cell patient successfully treated with tocilizumab","author":"De Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"issue":"March (31)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0275","article-title":"Favorable changes of CT findings in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia after treatment with tocilizumab","author":"Cellina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"issue":"May (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3153","article-title":"IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5923.94","article-title":"Prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis in legs by orally administered hydroxychloroquine sulphate","volume":"3","author":"Carter","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0290","first-page":"761","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine sulfate in prevention of thromboembolic phenomena in surgical patients","volume":"41","author":"Pilcher","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90364-6","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and postoperative thromboembolism after total hip replacement","volume":"85","author":"Loudon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198103000-00003","article-title":"Thromboembolism after surgical treatment of hip fractures","volume":"155","author":"Snook","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197709000-00015","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism and its prophylaxis following the Charnley total hip replacement","volume":"127","author":"Johnson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197910000-00029","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism following hip arthroplasty","volume":"144","author":"Johnson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.006","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine as an anti-thrombotic in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Belizna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306071872","article-title":"Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093013","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a large, multi-ethnic cohort","volume":"68","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24232","article-title":"Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"61","author":"Tektonidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0141-y","article-title":"Use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients","volume":"13","author":"Petri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei014","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic cohort (LUMINA): XXVIII. Factors predictive of thrombotic events","volume":"44","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120157","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with lower odds of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies and\/or lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Broder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8812-z","article-title":"Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine reduces antiphospholipid antibodies levels in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Nuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"April (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0355","article-title":"The effect of hydroxychloroquine on thrombosis prevention and antiphospholipid antibody levels in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a pilot open label randomized prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Kravvariti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0566-z","article-title":"Emerging therapies in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"issue":"April (9)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0365","article-title":"Will Complement Inhibition be the New Target in Treating COVID-19 Related Systemic Thrombosis?","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0370","first-page":"143","article-title":"Antiaggregation action of chloroquine","volume":"50","author":"Bertrand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(82)90241-9","article-title":"Prevention of the platelet alpha-granule release reaction by membrane-active drugs","volume":"25","author":"Prowse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(94)90270-4","article-title":"On the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on blood platelet aggregation","volume":"74","author":"Jancinova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613033","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine reverses platelet activation induced by human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Espinola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0390","first-page":"48","article-title":"Modification of transoperative changes in blood fluidity by hydroxychloroquine: a possible explanation for the drug\u2019s antithrombotic effect","volume":"4","author":"Ernst","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmatherapeutica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0395","first-page":"36","article-title":"Some rheological properties of blood during antirheumatoid therapy","volume":"3","author":"Bird","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmatherapeutica"},{"issue":"August (8)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1710","article-title":"Beneficial suicide: why neutrophils die to make NETs","volume":"5","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39938","article-title":"In vivo role of neutrophil extracellular traps in antiphospholipid antibody-mediated venous thrombosis","volume":"69","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309692","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in atherosclerosis and Atherothrombosis","volume":"120","author":"Doring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"April (10)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0415","article-title":"Harnessing innate immunity to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and ameliorate COVID-19 disease","author":"Golonka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"issue":"June (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4584-2","article-title":"Chloroquine reduces hypercoagulability in pancreatic cancer through inhibition of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"18","author":"Boone","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-144204","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody\u2014beta2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers","volume":"112","author":"Rand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"September (25)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)37128-5","article-title":"Clustering of lipid-bound annexin V may explain its anticoagulant effect","volume":"267","author":"Andree","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-213520","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine protects the annexin A5 anticoagulant shield from disruption by antiphospholipid antibodies: evidence for a novel effect for an old antimalarial drug","volume":"115","author":"Rand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310361485","article-title":"The annexin A5-mediated pathogenic mechanism in the antiphospholipid syndrome: role in pregnancy losses and thrombosis","volume":"19","author":"Rand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"November (11)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0445","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine partially prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by anti-beta-2-GPI antibodies in an in vivo mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Urbanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"March (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0450","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine reverses the prothrombotic state in a mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome: role of reduced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"May (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210012","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine inhibits proinflammatory signalling pathways by targeting endosomal NADPH oxidase","volume":"76","author":"M\u00fcller-Calleja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90345-E","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatic disease: reversal of deleterious effects of steroids on lipids","volume":"89","author":"Wallace","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90151-1","article-title":"Effect of prednisone and hydroxychloroquine on coronary artery disease risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal data analysis","volume":"96","author":"Petri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0470","first-page":"780","article-title":"Longterm beneficial effect of chloroquine diphosphate on lipoprotein profile in lupus patients with and without steroid therapy","volume":"28","author":"Borba","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"January (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.232124","article-title":"Iron metabolism and iron disorders revisited in the hepcidin era","volume":"105","author":"Camaschella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"December (12)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2792-z","article-title":"Protective effect of mitochondrial ferritin on cytosolic iron dysregulation induced by doxorubicin in HeLa cells","volume":"40","author":"Cocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"September (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L417","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00484.2005","article-title":"Hepcidin expression and iron transport in alveolar macrophages","volume":"291","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"issue":"August (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0470-8","article-title":"Silencing airway epithelial cell-derived hepcidin exacerbates sepsis induced acute lung injury","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"November (15)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0495","article-title":"Airway epithelial hepcidin coordinates lung macrophages and immunity against bacterial pneumonia","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.03.007","article-title":"Iron and innate antimicrobial immunity-Depriving the pathogen, defending the host","volume":"48","author":"Nairz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"October (8)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9473-y","article-title":"Iron and neurodegeneration: is ferritinophagy the link?","volume":"53","author":"Biasiotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"October (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E96","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040096","article-title":"How eliminating malaria may also prevent Iron deficiency in african children","volume":"11","author":"Muriuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"March (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.787-796.2002","article-title":"Relationship between chloroquine toxicity and iron acquisition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"46","author":"Emerson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"April (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1982.tb19758.x","article-title":"Transferrin uptake by cultured rat embryo fibroblasts. The influence of lysosomotropic agents, iron chelators and colchicine on the uptake of iron and transferrin","volume":"123","author":"Octave","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"issue":"October (10)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MT00143F","article-title":"The transferrin receptor: the cellular iron gate","volume":"9","author":"Gammella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"issue":"September (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.5.1850","article-title":"Mutations in the murine fitness 1 gene result in defective hematopoiesis","volume":"90","author":"Potter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02642494","article-title":"Alterations in serum and tissue iron profiles associated with mutations in thefitness14226sb locus of mice","volume":"8","author":"Schultze","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp. Haematol. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044252","article-title":"The PICALM protein plays a key role in iron homeostasis and cell proliferation","volume":"7","author":"Scotland","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394316-3.00005-3","article-title":"H(+)-coupled divalent metal-ion transporter-1: functional properties, physiological roles and therapeutics","volume":"70","author":"Shawki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Membr."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2017.06.006","article-title":"TRPML1: the Ca(2+) retaker of the lysosome","volume":"69","author":"Di Paola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"May (7498)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13148","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics identifies NCOA4 as the cargo receptor mediating ferritinophagy","volume":"509","author":"Mancias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.030","article-title":"Artesunate alleviates liver fibrosis by regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway","volume":"109","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"June (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"December (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E31","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010031","article-title":"The thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication via Iron chelation","volume":"9","author":"Vogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"April (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0575","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effect of mouse hepatitis virus infection on iron retention in the mouse liver","volume":"60","author":"Tiensiwakul","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"issue":"August (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E122","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12030122","article-title":"HFE related hemochromatosis: uncovering the inextricable link between Iron homeostasis and the immunological system","volume":"12","author":"Porto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"April (9)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0585","article-title":"COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"December (12)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0590","first-page":"917","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS","volume":"5","author":"Perlman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"April (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.03.015","article-title":"SARS coronavirus and innate immunity","volume":"133","author":"Frieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"July (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"October (12)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.03.003","article-title":"Iron levels in polarized macrophages: regulation of immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Recalcati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"April (8)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00368-2","article-title":"Effect of chronic chloroquine administration on iron loading in the liver and reticuloendothelial system and on oxidative responses by the alveolar macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Legssyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"February (1-2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(02)00633-5","article-title":"Changes in function of iron-loaded alveolar macrophages after in vivo administration of desferrioxamine and\/or chloroquine","volume":"94","author":"Legssyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"issue":"March (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0620","first-page":"309","article-title":"Hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations and response to chloroquine in porphyria cutanea tarda","volume":"139","author":"St\u00f6lzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/613136","article-title":"Effects of pristane alone or combined with chloroquine on macrophage activation, oxidative stress, and TH1\/TH2 skewness","volume":"2014","author":"Ouyang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"June (6)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1635","article-title":"Iron Metabolism and the Inflammatory Response","volume":"69","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"issue":"March (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919264","article-title":"The role of iron and iron binding proteins in lymphocyte physiology and pathology","volume":"13","author":"Kemp","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.007","article-title":"Hepcidin and IL-1\u03b2","volume":"110","author":"Kanamori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"issue":"November (2019)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0645","article-title":"Anti- TNF-\u03b1 monoclonal antibody therapy improves anemia through downregulating hepatocyte hepcidin expression in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"issue":"April (8)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0650","article-title":"Does recombinant human Erythropoietin administration in critically ill COVID-19 patients have miraculous therapeutic effects?","author":"Hadadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0655","article-title":"COVID-19: attacks the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human heme metabolism","author":"Wenzhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/107602960401000412","article-title":"Iron deficiency and thrombosis: literature review","volume":"10","author":"Keung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1922-y","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia as a risk factor for cerebrovascular events in early childhood: a case-control study","volume":"93","author":"Azab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082952","article-title":"Association between ischemic stroke and iron-deficiency anemia: a population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000249","article-title":"Association between venous thromboembolism and iron-deficiency anemia: a population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122359","article-title":"Characterization of the rate, predictors, and thrombotic complications of thrombocytosis in iron deficiency anemia","volume":"134","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"April (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0685","article-title":"Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"March (27)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0690","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"February (20)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0695","article-title":"Iron deficiency induced thrombocytosis increases thrombotic tendency in rats","author":"Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"May (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25480-y","article-title":"Heparin inhibits intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial replication by reducing iron levels in human macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Abreu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"February (27)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0705","article-title":"Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"March (28)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0710","article-title":"The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"April (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0715","first-page":"mjaa014","article-title":"Treating COVID-19 with chloroquine","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"March (20)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0720","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"April (11)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0725","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: a pilot observational study","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"March (30","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0730","article-title":"No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection","author":"Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0735","unstructured":"Available at: https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/globalassets\/idsa\/practice-guidelines\/covid-19\/treatment\/supplementary-information.pdf. Accessed 20 April 2020."},{"issue":"April (7)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0740","first-page":"ciaa394","article-title":"Towards optimization of hydroxychloroquine dosing in intensive care unit COVID-19 patients","author":"Perinel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0745","unstructured":"Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136534\/download. Accessed 20 April 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0750","unstructured":"Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/therapeutic-options.html. Accessed 20 April 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0755","unstructured":"Available at: http:\/\/www.simit.org\/IT\/simit\/sezioni-regionali.xhtml\/sezione\/112-lombardia\/comunicazioni\/1. Accessed 20 April 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0760","unstructured":"Available at: https:\/\/www.aemps.gob.es\/la-aemps\/ultima-informacion-de-la-aemps-acerca-del-covid%e2%80%9119\/tratamientos-disponibles-para-el-manejo-de-la-infeccion-respiratoria-por-sars-cov-2\/?lang=en. Accessed 20 April 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0765","unstructured":"Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/results?cond=%22Coronavirus+Infections%22. Accessed 20 April 2020."},{"issue":"March (20)","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904_bib0770","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661820312123?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661820312123?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T22:07:07Z","timestamp":1760911627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661820312123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["S1043661820312123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104904","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104904"}}