{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:19:47Z","timestamp":1780582787480,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T12:35:55Z","timestamp":1620131755000},"page":"105649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pharmacotherapy of obesity: An update"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cignarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Busetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vettor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126107","article-title":"Gut-derived GIP activates central Rap1 to impair neural leptin sensitivity during overnutrition","volume":"129","author":"Kaneko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.36118\/pharmadvances.03.2020.03","article-title":"From gut to brain: a pas-de-deux between oleoylethanolamide and neuronal histamine","volume":"2","author":"Provensi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmadvances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00271-3","article-title":"Management of obesity","volume":"387","author":"Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd770","article-title":"Obesity therapy: altering the energy intake-and-expenditure balance sheet","volume":"1","author":"Crowley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Disco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.007363","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in the therapeutic activation of human energy expenditure and thermogenesis to manage obesity","volume":"295","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2012.36.1.13","article-title":"Anti-obesity drugs: a review about their effects and safety","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.08.009","article-title":"Reprint of: Recent updates on obesity treatments: available drugs and future directions","volume":"447","author":"Dragano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0709","article-title":"Effects of maternal surgical weight loss in mothers on intergenerational transmission of obesity","volume":"94","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21096","article-title":"Obesity management in women of reproductive age","volume":"325","author":"Ogunwole","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.122","article-title":"Current pharmacotherapy for obesity","volume":"14","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.10.010","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of obesity: available medications and drugs under investigation","volume":"92","author":"Pilitsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.4.942","article-title":"Effect of sibutramine on weight management and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of clinical studies","volume":"28","author":"Vettor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262000","article-title":"Reasons for and time to discontinuation of rimonabant therapy: a modified prescription-event monitoring study","volume":"35","author":"Willemen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2020.1698291","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy in obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of anti-obesity drugs","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.330","article-title":"Controlled-release phentermine\/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP)","volume":"202","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0427-5","article-title":"Naltrexone ER\/bupropion ER: a review in obesity management","volume":"75","author":"Greig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710233371703","article-title":"A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation","volume":"337","author":"Hurt","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib18","first-page":"159","article-title":"A review of the neuropharmacology of bupropion, a dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor","volume":"6","author":"Stahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60888-4","article-title":"COR-I Study Group. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"376","author":"Greenway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20309","article-title":"COR-II Study Group. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR\/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II)","volume":"21","author":"Apovian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1558","article-title":"Effect of naltrexone-bupropion on major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obese patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Nissen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.07.012","article-title":"Analysis of the therapeutic functions of novel melanocortin receptor agonists in MC3R- and MC4R-deficient C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30364-8","article-title":"Setmelanotide POMC and LEPR Phase 3 Trial Investigators. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trials","volume":"8","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61375-1","article-title":"NN8022-1807 Study Group. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"374","author":"Astrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.162","article-title":"Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults","volume":"38","author":"van Can","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30069-7","article-title":"SCALE Obesity Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial","volume":"389","author":"le Roux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.84","article-title":"Liraglutide for weight management: a critical review of the evidence","volume":"3","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411892","article-title":"SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management","volume":"373","author":"Pi-Sunyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916038","article-title":"NN8022-4180 Trial Investigators. A randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity","volume":"382","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2695","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa285","article-title":"Obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and infertility: a new avenue for GLP-1 receptor agonists","volume":"105","author":"Cena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249554","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to controlling cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS","volume":"21","author":"Cignarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12720","article-title":"Pharmacologic therapy to induce weight loss in women who have obesity\/overweight with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des232","article-title":"Prevalence, phenotype and cardiometabolic risk of polycystic ovary syndrome under different diagnostic criteria","volume":"27","author":"Yildiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22726","article-title":"Liraglutide 3.0 mg and intensive behavioral therapy (IBT) for obesity in primary care: the SCALE IBT randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Wadden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802475","article-title":"Long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Padwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00422-w","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of anti-obesity treatment: where do we stand?","volume":"10","author":"Tak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1995.tb04034.x","article-title":"Review of limited systemic absorption of orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, in healthy human volunteers","volume":"35","author":"Zhi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464240-00010","article-title":"Orlistat: a review of its use in the management of patients with obesity","volume":"64","author":"Curran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004133421518","article-title":"Reduction in blood cyclosporine concentrations by orlistat","volume":"342","author":"Colman","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1177\/009127000204200908","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the possible interaction between selected concomitant medications and orlistat at steady state in healthy subjects","volume":"42","author":"Zhi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0017","article-title":"Loss of control of HIV viremia associated with the fat malabsorption drug orlistat","volume":"28","author":"Kent","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib43","article-title":"Reduced absorption of lipophilic anti-epileptic medications when used concomitantly with the anti-obesity drug orlistat","volume":"47","author":"Bigham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.07.004","article-title":"Lorcaserin improves glycemic control via a melanocortin neurocircuit","volume":"6","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.000128","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac valvular regurgitation with lorcaserin from analysis of 3 phase 3 clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Weissman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.133348","article-title":"Lorcaserin, a novel selective human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C agonist: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization","volume":"325","author":"Thomsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808721","article-title":"CAMELLIA\u2013TIMI 61 Steering Committee and Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of lorcaserin in overweight or obese patients","volume":"379","author":"Bohula","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2003873","article-title":"Cancer risk associated with lorcaserin - the FDA\u2019s review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial","volume":"383","author":"Sharretts","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.87","article-title":"The effect of the triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofensine on energy metabolism and appetite in overweight and moderately obese men","volume":"34","author":"Sj\u00f6din","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61525-1","article-title":"Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"372","author":"Astrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61563-9","article-title":"Under-reporting of adverse effects of tesofensine","volume":"382","author":"Astrup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20122","article-title":"Anti-hypertensive treatment preserves appetite suppression while preventing cardiovascular adverse effects of tesofensine in rats","volume":"21","author":"Bentzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib53","article-title":"A randomized-controlled trial of tesomet resulted in significant weight loss in hypopituitary patients with hypothalamic obesity","volume":"70","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Abstr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901118","article-title":"PIONEER 6 Investigators. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Husain","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30013-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial","volume":"5","author":"Sorli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011395","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its class B G protein-coupled receptors: a long march to therapeutic successes","volume":"68","author":"de Graaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140532","article-title":"Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist","volume":"5","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32260-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"392","author":"Frias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13979","volume":"22","author":"Frias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00981-0","article-title":"The role of tirzepatide, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in the management of type 2 diabetes: the SURPASS clinical trials","volume":"12","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz047","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and mechanistic insights of cotadutide, a dual receptor glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon agonist","volume":"105","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30726-8","article-title":"MEDI0382, a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in obese or overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, ascending dose and phase 2a study","volume":"391","author":"Ambery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13494","article-title":"A novel dual glucagon-like peptide and glucagon receptor agonist SAR425899: results of randomized, placebo-controlled first-in-human and first-in-patient trials","volume":"21","author":"Tillner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73815-5","article-title":"Receptor occupancy of dual glucagon-like peptide 1\/glucagon receptor agonist SAR425899 in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Eriksson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00117","article-title":"Targeting the incretin\/glucagon system with triagonists to treat diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Capozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17725","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid system affects energy balance via central orexigenic drive and peripheral lipogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Cota","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83626","article-title":"Adipocyte cannabinoid receptor CB1 regulates energy homeostasis and alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"127","author":"Ruiz de Azua","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1623","article-title":"Cannabinoid type 1 receptor blockade promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in white adipocytes","volume":"57","author":"Tedesco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0162","article-title":"CB1 and GLP-1 receptors cross talk provides new therapies for obesity","volume":"70","author":"Zizzari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018819897527","article-title":"Modern pharmacological treatment of obese patients","volume":"11","author":"May","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-019-00352-8","article-title":"Drug dose selection in pediatric obesity: available information for the most commonly prescribed drugs to children","volume":"21","author":"Kyler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.104","article-title":"Implications of obesity for drug therapy: limitations and challenges","volume":"90","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002989","article-title":"Association of body mass index and cardiotoxicity related to anthracyclines and trastuzumab in early breast cancer: French CANTO cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Kabor\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0611-8","article-title":"Obesity and altered aspirin pharmacology","volume":"57","author":"Norgard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14445","article-title":"Obesity is associated with impaired responsiveness to once-daily low-dose aspirin and in vivo platelet activation","volume":"17","author":"Petrucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31133-4","article-title":"Effects of aspirin on risks of vascular events and cancer according to bodyweight and dose: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials","volume":"392","author":"Rothwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661821002334?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661821002334?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T22:26:59Z","timestamp":1760912819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661821002334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S1043661821002334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacotherapy of obesity: An update","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105649","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105649"}}