{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:04:17Z","timestamp":1793160257076,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T02:12:49Z","timestamp":1670551969000},"page":"106605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Vitamin D protects against depression: Evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional and observational meta-analyses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Vali","family":"Musazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Keramati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Ghalichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynab","family":"Kavyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohre","family":"Ghoreishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamar Allayl","family":"Alras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naryman","family":"Albadawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ismail","family":"Albadawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abu-Zaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Zarezadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania A.","family":"Mekary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10053","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31460-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probiotics as an effective therapeutic approach in alleviating depression symptoms: an umbrella meta-analysis","author":"Musazadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"10159","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","article-title":"Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Ettman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0646-z","article-title":"Depression symptom and professional mental health service use","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-012-0320-0","article-title":"Subclinical depressive symptoms during pregnancy and birth outcome\u2014a pilot study in a healthy German sample","volume":"16","author":"Gawlik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Women's Ment. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1173-2","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06191","article-title":"Exploratory analyses of efficacy data from major depressive disorder trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration in support of new drug applications","volume":"72","author":"Khin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050045","article-title":"Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration","volume":"5","author":"Kirsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00231-2","article-title":"Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"53","author":"Fava","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S114542","article-title":"Biomarkers for depression: recent insights, current challenges and future prospects","volume":"13","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.106666","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Anglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.05.023","article-title":"Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases","volume":"34","author":"de Abreu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1\u03b1-hydroxylase in human brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.670879","article-title":"Vitamin D, depressive symptoms, and Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Ceolin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00640-4","article-title":"Potential role of vitamin D for the management of depression and anxiety","volume":"33","author":"Casseb","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000240986.74642.7c","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Wilkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.03.017","article-title":"Association of vitamin D levels with incident depression among a general cardiovascular population","volume":"159","author":"May","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.082","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression","volume":"208","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12344","article-title":"Association of cord blood vitamin D at delivery with postpartum depression in Australian women","volume":"55","author":"Gould","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.10.029","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and psychological health in older Chinese men in a cohort study","volume":"130","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.02.002","article-title":"Association between depressive symptoms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in middle-aged and elderly Chinese","volume":"118","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080686","article-title":"Vitamin D status during pregnancy and the risk of subsequent postpartum depression: a case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib25","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"bmj"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"7109","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"C. Minder, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109651","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"94","author":"Jamilian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041501","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws","volume":"6","author":"Spedding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000044","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.017","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Gowda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20672","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta\u2010review of meta\u2010analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Firth","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23025","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04845","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of insulin sensitivity-enhancing lifestyle-and dietary-related adjuncts on antidepressant treatment response: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Jeremiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_571_17","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"65","author":"Vellekkatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3450","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in depression in adults: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib38","first-page":"12","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D in the treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Nicol\u00e1se","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0418-0","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ju","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019004919","article-title":"Poor vitamin D status and the risk of maternal depression: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4902-6","article-title":"Association between vitamin D deficiency and antepartum and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.013227","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression: cellular and regulatory mechanisms","volume":"69","author":"Berridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661822005515?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661822005515?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T22:44:27Z","timestamp":1760913867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661822005515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1043661822005515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin D protects against depression: Evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional and observational meta-analyses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106605"}}