{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:43:30Z","timestamp":1793040210580,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T17:07:49Z","timestamp":1741108069000},"page":"107681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Phytosterols and phytostanols in context: From physiology and pathophysiology to food supplementation and clinical practice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Ruscica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5593-907X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wann Jia","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare R.","family":"Sirtori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14326","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation-cooperative cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"55","author":"Gallo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13985","article-title":"Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"316","author":"Silverman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac020","article-title":"Side effects of statins: from pathophysiology and epidemiology to diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"118","author":"Ruscica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib4","article-title":"Alternative LDL cholesterol-lowering strategy vs high-intensity statins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.040","article-title":"The role of nutraceuticals in statin intolerant patients","volume":"72","author":"Banach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.06.010","article-title":"Impact of nutraceuticals on markers of systemic inflammation: Potential relevance to cardiovascular diseases - a position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)","volume":"67","author":"Ruscica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc Dis."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070087","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherothrombotic events: from lumen to lesion and beyond","volume":"150","author":"Libby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.026","article-title":"New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism","volume":"203","author":"Calpe-Berdiel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.18.2284","article-title":"AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association","volume":"102","author":"Krauss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200402000-00008","article-title":"Phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Ostlund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000750","article-title":"LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies","volume":"112","author":"Ras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.11.020","article-title":"Phytosterol intake and risk of coronary artery disease: results from 3 prospective cohort studies","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00566F","article-title":"Effects of food formulation on bioavailability of phytosterols: phytosterol structures, delivery carriers, and food matrices","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(02)00006-1","article-title":"Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses","volume":"41","author":"Moreau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)89633-8","article-title":"Phospholipid and free sterol composition of hypocotyl plasma membranes of ageing mung bean seedlings","volume":"36","author":"Stalleart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2024.109520","article-title":"Current advances in phytosterol free forms and esters: classification, biosynthesis, chemistry, and detection","volume":"212","author":"Khallouki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00059","article-title":"Plant sterols: chemical and enzymatic structural modifications and effects on their cholesterol-lowering activity","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5688(02)00020-X","article-title":"Plant sterol and stanols\u2014comparison and contrasts. Sterols versus stanols in cholesterol-lowering: is there a difference?","volume":"3","author":"Clifton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2010.01.001","article-title":"Phytosterols and cardiovascular health","volume":"61","author":"Marangoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043","article-title":"Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"232","author":"Gylling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M013730","article-title":"Phytosterol ester processing in the small intestine: impact on cholesterol availability for absorption and chylomicron cholesterol incorporation in healthy humans","volume":"52","author":"Amiot","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020145","article-title":"Could lowering phytosterol absorption as part of lipid-lowering therapy have a beneficial effect on residual risk?","volume":"13","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32138-6","article-title":"Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population","volume":"40","author":"Gylling","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32378-6","article-title":"Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters","volume":"41","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043","article-title":"Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"232","author":"Gylling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7965","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095374","article-title":"Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Gylling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140300","article-title":"Additional mechanism for selective absorption of cholesterol and phytosterols","volume":"458","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa445","article-title":"It\u2019s time to personalize and optimize lipid-lowering therapy","volume":"41","author":"Weing\u00e4rtner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2007.10.001","article-title":"Biological effects of oxidized phytosterols: a review of the current knowledge","volume":"47","author":"Hovenkamp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.3.1333","article-title":"Second report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)","volume":"89","author":"National Cholesterol Education Program","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.1.33","article-title":"Lipid responses to plant-sterol-enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet","volume":"74","author":"Maki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-008-3278-y","article-title":"Phytosterol intake and dietary fat reduction are independent and additive in their ability to reduce plasma LDL cholesterol","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004507","article-title":"The food matrix and sterol characteristics affect the plasma cholesterol lowering of phytosterol\/phytostanol","volume":"4","author":"Cusack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(03)00286-5","article-title":"Impact of margarine enriched with plant sterols on blood lipids, platelet function, and fibrinogen level in young men","volume":"52","author":"Kozlowska-Wojciechowska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132665","article-title":"Dietary plant sterols and phytosterol-enriched margarines and their relationship with cardiovascular disease among polish men and women: the WOBASZ II cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Witkowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601598","article-title":"Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread","volume":"57","author":"Hendriks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602814","article-title":"Dose-response effects of different plant sterol sources in fat spreads on serum lipids and C-reactive protein and on the kinetic behavior of serum plant sterols","volume":"62","author":"Clifton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib38","unstructured":"Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice. Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice. Guilford Publications; 1998:xii, 244-xii, 244."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.10.2492","article-title":"A combination therapy including psyllium and plant sterols lowers LDL cholesterol by modifying lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic individuals1","volume":"136","author":"Shrestha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2005.05.013","article-title":"Dose-dependent cholesterol-lowering effect of a mayonnaise-type product with a main component of diacylglycerol-containing plant sterol esters","volume":"22","author":"Saito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601173","article-title":"Solubilization of phytosterols in diacylglycerol versus triacylglycerol improves the serum cholesterol-lowering effect","volume":"55","author":"Meguro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)36946-7","article-title":"Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment","volume":"34","author":"Vanhanen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-007-0693-4","article-title":"Plant sterol-enriched fermented milk enhances the attainment of LDL-cholesterol goal in hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"47","author":"Plana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(01)00562-7","article-title":"Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations","volume":"160","author":"Mensink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480701554137","article-title":"Effects of yoghurt enriched with free plant sterols on the levels of serum lipids and plant sterols in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a high-fat diet","volume":"59","author":"Niittynen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601887","article-title":"Effect of free plant sterols in low-fat milk on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"58","author":"Thomsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001686","article-title":"Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched low-fat milk on serum lipoprotein profile in mildly hypercholesterolaemic patients are not related to dietary cholesterol or saturated fat intake","volume":"104","author":"Hernandez-Mijares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602362","article-title":"Safety aspects and cholesterol-lowering efficacy of low fat dairy products containing plant sterols","volume":"60","author":"Korpela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1395","article-title":"Nonesterified phytosterols dissolved and recrystallized in oil reduce plasma cholesterol in gerbils and humans","volume":"134","author":"Hayes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.57","article-title":"A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men","volume":"76","author":"Matvienko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300089-JLR200","article-title":"Phytosterols in low- and nonfat beverages as part of a controlled diet fail to lower plasma lipid levels","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.756","article-title":"Reduced-calorie orange juice beverage with plant sterols lowers C-reactive protein concentrations and improves the lipid profile in human volunteers2","volume":"84","author":"Devaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091262","article-title":"LDL-cholesterol lowering of plant sterols and stanols-which factors influence their efficacy?","volume":"10","author":"Trautwein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040828","article-title":"Phytosterols and cardiovascular risk evaluated against the background of phytosterolemia cases-a German expert panel statement","volume":"15","author":"Windler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.08.056","article-title":"Effect of plant stanol tablets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in patients on statin drugs","volume":"97","author":"Goldberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00976-0","article-title":"Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy","volume":"86","author":"Blair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-010-6249-5","article-title":"The metabolic effects of omega-3 plant sterol esters in mixed hyperlipidemic subjects","volume":"24","author":"Bitzur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106342","article-title":"Omega-3 and cardiovascular prevention - Is this still a choice?","volume":"182","author":"Ruscica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509297170","article-title":"Independent and interactive effects of plant sterols and fish oil n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the plasma lipid profile of mildly hyperlipidaemic Indian adults","volume":"102","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12738","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c01111","article-title":"The effect of whey protein isolate hydrolysate on digestive properties of phytosterol","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c09148","article-title":"Novel synthesis of phytosterol ferulate using acidic ionic liquids as a catalyst and its hypolipidemic activity","volume":"72","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(83)90243-2","article-title":"Some aspects of mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by beta-sitosterol","volume":"732","author":"Ikeda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.4065\/74.12.1198","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"74","author":"Nguyen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199812000-00003","article-title":"Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols for mass intervention","volume":"9","author":"Ikeda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38403-0","article-title":"Inhibition of cholesterol absorption in rats by plant sterols","volume":"29","author":"Ikeda","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)90052-3","article-title":"Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes","volume":"105","author":"Miettinen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113107","article-title":"Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apoprotein E phenotype","volume":"80","author":"Kesaniemi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500272-JLR200","article-title":"Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation","volume":"46","author":"Plat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700055","article-title":"Phytosterol-mediated inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice is independent of liver X receptor","volume":"61","author":"Cedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021290","article-title":"Identification of side chain oxidized sterols as novel liver X receptor agonists with therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"24","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.03.004","article-title":"The emerging concept of \"individualized cholesterol-lowering therapy\": a change in paradigm","volume":"199","author":"Lutjohann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.036","article-title":"Baseline serum sitosterol level as predictor of adverse clinical events in acute coronary syndrome patients with dyslipidaemia: a sub-analysis of HIJ-PROPER","volume":"274","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000795","article-title":"Xenosterolemia in clinical practice: what is in a name?","volume":"30","author":"Loh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02330-7","article-title":"Heart-healthy diets including phytostanol ester consumption to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. A clinical review","volume":"23","author":"Simonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1605313","article-title":"Phytosterol supplementation could improve atherogenic and anti-atherogenic apolipoproteins: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Ghaedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib77","article-title":"Phytosterols: from preclinical evidence to potential clinical applications","volume":"11","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314554864","article-title":"Intake of phytosterols from natural sources and risk of cardiovascular disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-the Netherlands (EPIC-NL) population","volume":"22","author":"Ras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1A","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib79","article-title":"Effect of statins on noncholesterol sterol levels: implications for use of plant stanols and sterols","volume":"96","author":"Miettinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.095356","article-title":"Lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio in serum predicts cholesterol-lowering response to plant sterol consumption in a dual-center, randomized, single-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Mackay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz203","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular cell biology and atherosclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Fasolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"issue":"7138","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib82","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Baseline serum cholestanol as predictor of recurrent coronary events in subgroup of Scandinavian simvastatin survival study","volume":"316","author":"Miettinen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Finn. 4S Invest. BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29073","article-title":"High basal fractional cholesterol synthesis is associated with nonresponse of plasma LDL cholesterol to plant sterol therapy","volume":"92","author":"Rideout","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P088583","article-title":"The interrelations between PCSK9 metabolism and cholesterol synthesis and absorption","volume":"60","author":"Silbernagel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy319","article-title":"Susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles to aggregate depends on particle lipidome, is modifiable, and associates with future cardiovascular deaths","volume":"39","author":"Ruuth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-62","article-title":"Diet and cardiovascular health in asymptomatic normo- and mildly-to-moderately hypercholesterolemic participants - baseline data from the BLOOD FLOW intervention study","volume":"10","author":"Hallikainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314329","article-title":"Plant stanol esters reduce LDL (low-density lipoprotein) aggregation by altering LDL surface lipids: the BLOOD FLOW randomized intervention study","volume":"40","author":"Ruuth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.035","article-title":"Effects of phytosterols on markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"248","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-0994-7","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals affecting vascular function and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"20","author":"Bianconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.102053","article-title":"The effect of a low-fat spread with added plant sterols on vascular function markers: results of the Investigating Vascular Function Effects of Plant Sterols (INVEST) study","volume":"101","author":"Ras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.1.119","article-title":"Tall Oil\u201d\u2013derived phytosterols reduce atherosclerosis in apoe-deficient mice","volume":"17","author":"Moghadasian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00750-4","article-title":"Dietary vegetable oil and wood derived plant stanol esters reduce atherosclerotic lesion size and severity in apoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice","volume":"157","author":"Volger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00132-1","article-title":"Effects of various amounts of dietary plant sterol esters on plasma and hepatic sterol concentration and aortic foam cell formation of cholesterol-fed hamsters","volume":"169","author":"Ntanios","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509991206","article-title":"Effect of rapeseed oil-derived plant sterol and stanol esters on atherosclerosis parameters in cholesterol-challenged heterozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbits","volume":"102","author":"Schroder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.09.006","article-title":"Non-cholesterol sterols in serum and endarterectomized carotid arteries after a short-term plant stanol and sterol ester challenge","volume":"21","author":"Miettinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523002532","article-title":"Phytosterol and phytostanol-mediated epigenetic changes in cancer and other non-communicable diseases: a systematic review","volume":"131","author":"Jefrei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.310227","article-title":"Impact of miRNA in Atherosclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.020","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals","volume":"204","author":"Micallef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.063","article-title":"Plant sterols in serum and in atherosclerotic plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy","volume":"45","author":"Miettinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911997","article-title":"Plasma campesterol is positively associated with carotid plaques in asymptomatic subjects","volume":"23","author":"Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155611","article-title":"Blood phytosterols in relation to cardiovascular diseases and mediating effects of blood lipids and hematological traits: a Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"146","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr441","article-title":"Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Genser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27706-6","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis of phytosterols reveals five novel loci and a detrimental effect on coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Scholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02077-1","article-title":"Gene variants and clinical characteristics of children with sitosterolemia","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"issue":"5497","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1771","article-title":"Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters","volume":"290","author":"Berge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae437","article-title":"Opportunistic detection of phytosterolaemia during genetic testing for FH: case series and contextual review","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2022.02.006","article-title":"The inherited hypercholesterolemias","volume":"51","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17024","article-title":"Sitosterolemia, hypercholesterolemia, and coronary artery disease","volume":"25","author":"Tada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00964-x","article-title":"Phytosterols and cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Makhmudova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.119.002871","article-title":"Heterozygous ABCG5 gene deficiency and risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"13","author":"Nomura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.01.100","article-title":"High intestinal cholesterol absorption is associated with cardiovascular disease and risk alleles in ABCG8 and ABO: evidence from the LURIC and YFS cohorts and from a meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Silbernagel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa531","article-title":"Genetic variability in the absorption of dietary sterols affects the risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"41","author":"Helgadottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22186","article-title":"Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis by plant sterols","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib114","series-title":"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to 3 g\/day plant sterols\/stanols and lowering blood LDL-cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA Journal","first-page":"2693","author":"Efsa Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib115","article-title":"Safety of the extension of use of plant sterol esters as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015\/2283","volume":"18","author":"Turck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr158","article-title":"ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"32","author":"European Association for Cardiovascular","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib117","article-title":"National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: Part 2","volume":"9","author":"Jacobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipido"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.69326","article-title":"Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel","volume":"13","author":"Cicero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib119","first-page":"248","article-title":"Functional foods and nutraceuticals in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: statement of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis 2023","volume":"35","author":"Perez-Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Invest. Arterioscler."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00955-y","article-title":"Nutraceuticals in the management of dyslipidemia: which, when, and for whom? could nutraceuticals help low-risk individuals with non-optimal lipid levels?","volume":"23","author":"Cicero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1060252","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol lowering effect of a nutraceutical regimen with or without ezetimibe in hypercholesterolaemic patients with statin intolerance","volume":"9","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01077-9","article-title":"The management of hypercholesterolemia in patients with neuromuscular disorder","volume":"25","author":"Loh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib123","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma phytosterols in sitosterolemia, their kindreds and hyperlipidemia subjects","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065551","article-title":"Portfolio diet score and risk of cardiovascular disease: findings from 3 prospective cohort studies","volume":"148","author":"Glenn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9493","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67394-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins","volume":"366","author":"Baigent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082346","article-title":"Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration with plant stanol esters to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events at a population level: a critical discussion","volume":"12","author":"Gylling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661825001069?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661825001069?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T02:19:10Z","timestamp":1742437150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661825001069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S1043661825001069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Phytosterols and phytostanols in context: From physiology and pathophysiology to food supplementation and clinical practice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107681","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107681"}}