{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:49:59Z","timestamp":1793191799307,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministry of Education Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004240","name":"Akademie V\u011bd \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61388963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61388963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004240","name":"Akademie V\u011bd \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["260 663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260 663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T16:28:54Z","timestamp":1757608134000},"page":"107950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist 7\u03b2-isopropylchenodeoxycholic acid improves glucose metabolism in mice on a Western diet"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Alzbeta","family":"Stefela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Dohnalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Lastuvkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Skoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1798-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bajnokova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Lestavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9226-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronique","family":"Touche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Kaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Kudova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Hroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Micuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Kucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Pavek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.12.007","article-title":"Pharmacology of bile acid receptors: evolution of bile acids from simple detergents to complex signaling molecules","volume":"104","author":"Copple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104333","article-title":"Semisynthetic bile acids: a new therapeutic option for metabolic syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Lazarevi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00062-3","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR\/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis","volume":"102","author":"Sinal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0030","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor deficiency improves glucose homeostasis in mouse models of obesity","volume":"60","author":"Prawitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-1157","article-title":"Loss of FXR protects against diet-induced obesity and accelerates liver carcinogenesis in Ob\/Ob mice","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3384","article-title":"Microbiome remodelling leads to inhibition of intestinal farnesoid x receptor signalling and decreased obesity","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3760","article-title":"Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"21","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506982103","article-title":"Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.248203","article-title":"Lowering bile acid pool size with a synthetic farnesoid x receptor (FXR) agonist induces obesity and diabetes through reduced energy expenditure","volume":"286","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0663","article-title":"An intestinal farnesoid x Receptor-Ceramide signaling axis modulates hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0222-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota and intestinal FXR mediate the clinical benefits of metformin","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024564","article-title":"Bile acid sequestration reduces plasma glucose levels in db\/db mice by increasing its metabolic clearance rate","volume":"6","author":"Meissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c01394","article-title":"Discovery of betulinic acid derivatives as potent intestinal farnesoid x receptor antagonists to ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.68.55","article-title":"Sesamin and hepatic metabolites derived from sesamin and episesamin antagonize farnesoid x receptor and reduce the expression of Gluconeogenesis-Related genes","volume":"68","author":"Sasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154771","article-title":"Mebhydrolin ameliorates glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic mice by functioning as a selective FXR antagonist","volume":"119","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.106203","article-title":"Discovery of 12\u03b2-oxygenated oleanolic acid alkyl esters as potent and selective FXR modulators exhibiting hyperglycemia amelioration in vivo","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.03.016","article-title":"HS218 as an FXR antagonist suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting FXR binding to PGC-1\u03b1 promoter","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7629","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8629","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 production by enteroendocrine l cells","volume":"6","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56743-x","article-title":"The nuclear receptor FXR inhibits Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 secretion in response to microbiota-derived Short-Chain fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Ducastel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054","article-title":"Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP","volume":"132","author":"Baggio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154242","article-title":"Use of incretin-based medications: what do current international recommendations suggest with respect to GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors?","volume":"107","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106426","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 and fibroblast growth factor-21 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: an experimental to clinical perspective","volume":"184","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104984","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hepatic insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential treatment strategies","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34258-w","article-title":"Hepatic thyroid hormone signalling modulates glucose homeostasis through the regulation of GLP-1 production via bile acid-mediated FXR antagonism","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhre, R.E., et al., What Is an L-Cell and How Do We Study the Secretory Mechanisms of the L-Cell? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021. 12: p. 694284.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.694284"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116462","article-title":"Update on the development of TGR5 agonists for human diseases","volume":"271","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12181","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00851","article-title":"Identification of betulinic acid derivatives as potent TGR5 agonists with antidiabetic effects via humanized TGR5(H88Y) mutant mice","volume":"64","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.016203","article-title":"Muscle-specific TGR5 overexpression improves glucose clearance in glucose-intolerant mice","volume":"296","author":"Sasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.07.003","article-title":"TGR5 agonist ameliorates insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles and improves glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0604-z","article-title":"Bariatric surgery reveals a gut-restricted TGR5 agonist with anti-diabetic effects","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132707","article-title":"Enterohepatic takeda G-Protein coupled receptor 5 agonism in metabolic Dysfunction-Associated fatty liver disease and related glucose dysmetabolism","volume":"14","author":"Gillard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib32","first-page":"6623379","article-title":"Finger citron extract ameliorates glycolipid metabolism and inflammation by regulating GLP-1 secretion via TGR5 receptors in obese rats","volume":"2021","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.120.000435","article-title":"Ginsenoside ro ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice via activation of the g Protein-Coupled bile acid receptor 5 pathway","volume":"377","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102759","article-title":"Ileo-colonic delivery of conjugated bile acids improves glucose homeostasis via colonic GLP-1-producing enteroendocrine cells in human obesity and diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Calderon","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-00989-z","article-title":"Influence of ursodeoxycholic acid on blood glucose, insulin and GLP-1 in rats with liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2022.03.006","article-title":"Compound k attenuates hyperglycemia by enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through activating TGR5 via the remodeling of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326541","article-title":"6\u03b1-hydroxylated bile acids mediate TGR5 signalling to improve glucose metabolism upon dietary fiber supplementation in mice","volume":"72","author":"Makki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01264-5","article-title":"Functional changes of the gastric bypass microbiota reactivate thermogenic adipose tissue and systemic glucose control via intestinal FXR-TGR5 crosstalk in diet-induced obesity","volume":"10","author":"M\u00fcnzker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072474","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in health and metabolic diseases and their role in appetite regulation","volume":"13","author":"Gromova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010094","article-title":"Intestinal fructose and glucose metabolism in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Merino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02439-5","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the small intestine in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0928","article-title":"Insulin internalizes GLUT2 in the enterocytes of healthy but not insulin-resistant mice","volume":"57","author":"Tobin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1740","article-title":"GLUT2 accumulation in enterocyte apical and intracellular membranes: a study in morbidly obese human subjects and Ob\/Ob and high fat-fed mice","volume":"60","author":"Ait-Omar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0161","article-title":"KATP channel as well as SGLT1 participates in GIP secretion in the diabetic state","volume":"222","author":"Ogata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051092","article-title":"Increased intestinal glucose absorption and postprandial hyperglycaemia at the early step of glucose intolerance in otsuka Long-Evans tokushima fatty rats","volume":"41","author":"Fujita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G241","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00310.2001","article-title":"Expression of monosaccharide transporters in intestine of diabetic humans","volume":"282","author":"Dyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2016.1168808","article-title":"Sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106057","article-title":"Oral metformin transiently lowers post-prandial glucose response by reducing the apical expression of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in enterocytes","volume":"26","author":"Zubiaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-02170-5","article-title":"FXR activation alleviates tacrolimus-induced post-transplant diabetes mellitus by regulating renal gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12848","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15881","article-title":"A novel role for farnesoid x receptor in the bile acid-mediated intestinal glucose homeostasis","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Stefela, E)-7-Ethylidene-lithocholic acid (7-ELCA) is a potent dual farnesoid x receptor (FXR) antagonist and GPBAR1 agonist inhibiting FXR-Induced gene expression in hepatocytes and stimulating Glucagon-like Peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells 12 Front Pharm.2021, 713149.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.713149"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8525","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i26.8525","article-title":"High fat diet feeding results in gender specific steatohepatitis and inflammasome activation","volume":"20","author":"Ganz","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G558","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00262.2024","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate attenuates bile acid retention and liver fibrosis in a mouse model of cholestasis","volume":"328","author":"Lastuvkova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464173","article-title":"An alternative approach to validation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for the quantification of endogenous compounds","volume":"1705","author":"Uher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad088","article-title":"Carvedilol impairs bile acid homeostasis in mice: implication for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"196","author":"Lastuvkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11732","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c01881","article-title":"Discovery, Structure-Activity relationships, and in vivo activity of dihydropyridone agonists of the bile acid receptor TGR5","volume":"66","author":"Picon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105702","article-title":"3\u03b2-Isoobeticholic acid efficiently activates the farnesoid x receptor (FXR) due to its epimerization to 3\u03b1-epimer by hepatic metabolism","volume":"202","author":"Stefela","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56642-y","article-title":"The hypolipidemic effect of MI-883, the combined CAR agonist\/ PXR antagonist, in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia model","volume":"16","author":"Dusek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c01140","article-title":"Discovery of novel human constitutive androstane receptor agonists with the Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine structure","volume":"66","author":"Mejdrov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.08.001","article-title":"TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101257","article-title":"Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in cell metabolism: roles and mechanisms beyond gluconeogenesis","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2010.12.018","article-title":"Tissue-specific function of farnesoid x receptor in liver and intestine","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.038","article-title":"Notoginsenoside Ft1 acts as a TGR5 agonist but FXR antagonist to alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.019","article-title":"Metformin alters upper small intestinal microbiota that impact a Glucose-SGLT1-Sensing glucoregulatory pathway","volume":"27","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.012","article-title":"Microbial modulation of energy availability in the colon regulates intestinal transit","volume":"14","author":"Wichmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3144","article-title":"Accelerated intestinal glucose absorption in morbidly obese humans: relationship to glucose transporters, incretin hormones, and glycemia","volume":"100","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0828-y","article-title":"Sotagliflozin, the first dual SGLT inhibitor: current outlook and perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Cefalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.58","article-title":"LX4211, a dual SGLT1\/SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Zambrowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.203364","article-title":"LX4211 increases serum glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY levels by reducing sodium\/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-mediated absorption of intestinal glucose","volume":"345","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107647","article-title":"The efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08535-w","article-title":"The role of GLUT2 in glucose metabolism in multiple organs and tissues","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.10.008","article-title":"Intestinal invalidation of the glucose transporter GLUT2 delays tissue distribution of glucose and reveals an unexpected role in gut homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib74","article-title":"When two become one: conformational changes in FXR\/RXR heterodimers bound to steroidal antagonists","volume":"18","author":"D\u00edaz-Holgu\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.034","article-title":"FXR agonists in NASH treatment","volume":"79","author":"Adorini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700330-JLR200","article-title":"Differential regulation of bile acid homeostasis by the farnesoid x receptor in liver and intestine","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1321","article-title":"Bile acids trigger GLP-1 release predominantly by accessing basolaterally located g protein-coupled bile acid receptors","volume":"156","author":"Brighton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064721","article-title":"Ageing fxr deficient mice develop increased energy expenditure, improved glucose control and liver damage resembling NASH","volume":"8","author":"Bjursell","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3589525","article-title":"Farnesoid x receptor deficiency induces hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism disorder via regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4","volume":"2022","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661825003755?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661825003755?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:26:22Z","timestamp":1773116782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661825003755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S1043661825003755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist 7\u03b2-isopropylchenodeoxycholic acid improves glucose metabolism in mice on a Western diet","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107950","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107950"}}