{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:17:03Z","timestamp":1783091823346,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024ME020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024ME020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011324","name":"Qingdao University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:16:09Z","timestamp":1778339769000},"page":"108241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Extracellular vesicles as signal hubs and targeted platforms in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Jiashuo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7045-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangtan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongzhao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31416","article-title":"Liver Cancer Immunity","volume":"73","author":"Ilyas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01042-6","article-title":"Commission on addressing the global hepatocellular carcinoma burden: comprehensive strategies from prevention to treatment","volume":"406","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib3","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-24-175","article-title":"Neoadjuvant systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities-a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2022-0229","article-title":"A phase I pharmacokinetic study of lenvatinib in Chinese patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/ot9.0000000000000093","article-title":"Novel perspectives on combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and antiangiogenic drugs for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00147-4","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma: emerging challenges in clinical practice","volume":"8","author":"Pinter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1047-6","article-title":"Current perspectives on the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1212476","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapies: advances and bottlenecks","volume":"14","author":"Rui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw168","article-title":"Targeting the tumor microenvironment: removing obstruction to anticancer immune responses and immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Pitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.003","article-title":"Landscape and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ado3485","article-title":"Riplet promotes lipid metabolism changes associated with CD8 T cell exhaustion and anti\u2013PD-1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1180","article-title":"Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences","volume":"2","author":"Balaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2567","article-title":"Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Thery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57367-8","article-title":"HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas inhibit antitumor CD8(+) T cell via the long noncoding RNA HDAC2-AS2","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adm7269","article-title":"Tumor extracellular vesicle-derived PD-L1 promotes T cell senescence through lipid metabolism reprogramming","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060558","article-title":"HCC-Derived Exosomes: Critical Player and Target for Cancer Immune Escape","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30943","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12967","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enable Tumor Tropism Chemo-Genetherapy for Local Immune Activation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.12.010","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles-based vaccines: Emerging immunotherapies against cancer","volume":"378","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.92133","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)-based gene delivery platform for cell-specific CRISPR\/Cas9 genome editing","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-025-00277-7","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for the delivery of gene therapy","volume":"3","author":"Di Ianni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.01.007","article-title":"Precision treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.011","article-title":"Immunotherapy and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"80","author":"Tabrizian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.003","article-title":"Combination immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Rimassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101480","article-title":"Emerging concepts in PD-1 checkpoint biology","volume":"52","author":"Pauken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00816-4","article-title":"Biomarkers for immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Greten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32740","article-title":"The liver cancer immune microenvironment: Therapeutic implications for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Donne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02427-0","article-title":"Transarterial chemoembolization plus atezolizumab and bevacizumab in patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.03.005","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: 5-year results from CheckMate 040","volume":"35","author":"Melero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01739-6","article-title":"Combination immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: synergies among immune checkpoints, TKIs, and chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02212-7","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint inhibitors: updated insights","volume":"24","author":"Alsaafeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00438-0","article-title":"Advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Sangro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00704-9","article-title":"Evolving therapeutic landscape of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8507-2","article-title":"A killer choice for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21037\/cco-20-231","article-title":"Immunotherapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Uson Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08261-8","article-title":"Interleukin-15-armoured GPC3 CAR T cells for patients with solid cancers","volume":"637","author":"Steffin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-3259","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Glypican-3 T-Cell Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results of Phase I Trials","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq6990","article-title":"The future of engineered immune cell therapies","volume":"378","author":"Irvine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib39","article-title":"Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Lifileucel Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocyte Cell Therapy in Patients with Advanced Melanoma: A 5-year Analysis of the C-144-01 Study","author":"Medina","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2015.01054","article-title":"Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.04.013","article-title":"Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies","volume":"399","author":"Hoseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib42","first-page":"637","article-title":"Preparation and application of anti-HBx\/anti-CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsAb) retargeting effector cells for lysis of human hepatoma xenografts in nude mice","volume":"3","author":"Liao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1238667","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of cadonilimab combined with lenvatinib for first-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (COMPASSION-08): a phase Ib\/II single-arm clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.01.006","article-title":"A bispecific antibody targeting GPC3 and CD47 induced enhanced antitumor efficacy against dual antigen-expressing HCC","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib45","first-page":"197","article-title":"Dendritic cell as therapeutic vaccines against tumors and its role in therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.650486","article-title":"In Situ Vaccination as a Strategy to Modulate the Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Lurje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081357","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Cancer Vaccines and Vaccine Strategies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Tojjari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(10)60217-6","article-title":"A phase II open label trial evaluating safety and efficacy of a telomerase peptide vaccination in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Greten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02894-y","article-title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccine and pembrolizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-020-00788-w","article-title":"Vaccine Therapies for Cancer: Then and Now","volume":"16","author":"Morse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-017-0234-5","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) as a Vector for Gene Therapy","volume":"31","author":"Naso","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142563","article-title":"Improving Multi-Epitope Long Peptide Vaccine Potency by Using a Strategy that Enhances CD4+ T Help in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"10","author":"Ghaffari-Nazari","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01316-4","article-title":"Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.11.011","article-title":"Cytokines in cancer","volume":"43","author":"Kureshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1252","article-title":"Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy","volume":"4","author":"Dranoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00588-9","article-title":"Harnessing cytokines and chemokines for cancer therapy","volume":"19","author":"Propper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1022","article-title":"IFN\u03b1 Potentiates Anti-PD-1 Efficacy by Remodeling Glucose Metabolism in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00557-6","article-title":"Emerging principles of cytokine pharmacology and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Saxton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091599","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Progress and Challenges in the Translation from the Laboratory to Clinic","volume":"59","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1485628","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in hepatocellular carcinoma: unraveling immunological mechanisms for enhanced diagnosis and overcoming drug resistance","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01074-2","article-title":"Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in cancer\u2014therapeutic and diagnostic potential","author":"Greening","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib62","article-title":"Five miRNAs identified in fucosylated extracellular vesicles as non-invasive diagnostic signatures for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib63","article-title":"Identification of Tumor-Specific Surface Proteins Enables Quantification of Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes for Early Detection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01585-y","article-title":"Cellular uptake and in vivo distribution of mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles are protein corona dependent","volume":"19","author":"Liam-Or","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.101.3.942","article-title":"Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes","volume":"101","author":"Pan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00899-0","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression","volume":"22","author":"Marar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0345-y","article-title":"An ARF6-Exportin-5 axis delivers pre-miRNA cargo to tumour microvesicles","volume":"21","author":"Clancy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02458-3","article-title":"Tumor associated macrophages-derived exosomes facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma malignance by transferring lncMMPA to tumor cells and activating glycolysis pathway","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00862-6","article-title":"Unique structural configuration of EV-DNA primes Kupffer cell-mediated antitumor immunity to prevent metastatic progression","volume":"5","author":"Wortzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28549","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomes elicit tumor suppression in murine hepatocellular carcinoma models and humans in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00785-5","article-title":"Cross-priming in cancer immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Luri-Rey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1261575","article-title":"Unleashing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: factors, strategies, and ongoing trials","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107419","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in the HCC microenvironment: Implications for therapy and biomarkers","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib75","first-page":"33","article-title":"Interactions between tumor microenvironment and resistance to transarterial and systemic treatments for HCC","volume":"8","author":"Franze","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02233-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity: mechanisms and novel insights","volume":"24","author":"Kuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00359-5","article-title":"Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: the emerging role in tumor microenvironment remodeling and its influence on cancer progression","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00784-0","article-title":"GOLM1 exacerbates CD8+ T cell suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting exosomal PD-L1 transport into tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112361","article-title":"Exosomal Transfer of HCC-Derived miR-17-5p Downregulates NK Cell Function by Targeting RUNX1-NKG2D Axis","volume":"136","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054593","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-21-5p Induces Macrophage M2 Polarization by Targeting RhoB","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib81","article-title":"Exosomal miR-452-5p Induce M2 Macrophage Polarization to Accelerate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Targeting TIMP3","volume":"2022","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01759-1","article-title":"Exosome-Derived CircCCAR1 Promotes CD8 + T-Cell Dysfunction and Anti-PD1 Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15365","article-title":"Exosomal circGSE1 Promotes Immune Escape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inducing the Expansion of Regulatory T Cells","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01222-5","article-title":"Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomal circUHRF1 Induces Natural Killer Cell Exhaustion and May Cause Resistance to anti-PD1 Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.07.005","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Containing Long Noncoding RNA PART1 Exert Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Polarizing Macrophages into M2","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23686","article-title":"Exosomal LncRNA HEIH, an Essential Communicator for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Macrophage M2 Polarization through the miR-98-5p\/STAT3 Axis","volume":"38","author":"Ai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23489","article-title":"Exosomal LncRNA HMMR-AS1 Mediates Macrophage Polarization through miR-147a\/ARID3A Axis under Hypoxia and Affects the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1227150","article-title":"An emerging research: the role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2022.01281","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cell exosome-derived circWDR25 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the miRNA-4474\u20133\u2009P-ALOX-15 and EMT axes","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136333","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Chronic Hepatobiliary Diseases: An Overview of Their Interplay","volume":"26","author":"Trifylli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32818","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c11257","article-title":"Dual-Synergistic Nanomodulator Alleviates Exosomal PD-L1 Expression Enabling Exhausted Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Rejuvenation for Potentiated iRFA-Treated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116409","article-title":"Exosomal ncRNAs: Multifunctional contributors to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"173","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000496","article-title":"LOXL4 Shuttled by Tumor Cells-derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Immune Escape in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Activating the STAT1\/PD-L1 Axis","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0451-6","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal HMGB1 fosters hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion by promoting TIM-1(+) regulatory B cell expansion","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0180-7","article-title":"14-3-3\u03b6 delivered by hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes impaired anti-tumor function of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.05.004","article-title":"Ectosomal PKM2 Promotes HCC by Inducing Macrophage Differentiation and Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"78","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030360","article-title":"Bispecific Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Technological Considerations","volume":"10","author":"Shim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib98","first-page":"665","article-title":"Targeting Glypican-3 for Liver Cancer Therapy: Clinical Applications and Detection Methods","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal4291","article-title":"An anti-glypican 3\/CD3 bispecific T cell-redirecting antibody for treatment of solid tumors","volume":"9","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib100","article-title":"Targeting CD16A on NK Cells and GPC3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Development and Functional Validation of a Therapeutic Bispecific Antibody","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.08.037","article-title":"Bispecific antibody CD73xEpCAM selectively inhibits the adenosine-mediated immunosuppressive activity of carcinoma-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"521","author":"Ploeg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30607","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causes Liver Cancer Cells to Release Exosomal miR-23a-3p and Up-regulate Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression in Macrophages","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31600","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase-Like 4 Fosters an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment During Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"73","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5380-1","article-title":"Exosomal miR-155 Derived from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Under Hypoxia Promotes Angiogenesis in Endothelial Cells","volume":"64","author":"Matsuura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib105","article-title":"Exosomal miR-3174 induced by hypoxia promotes angiogenesis. and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting HIPK3","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.86767","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced exosomes facilitate lung pre-metastatic niche formation in hepatocellular carcinoma through the miR-4508-RFX1-IL17A-p38 MAPK-NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"19","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2024.2433687","article-title":"miR-181a: regulatory roles, cancer-associated signaling pathway disruptions, and therapeutic potential","volume":"28","author":"McIntyre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111149","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma cell-derived exosomal miR-21-5p. promotes the polarization of tumor-related macrophages (TAMs) through SP1\/XBP1 and affects the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"126","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23767","article-title":"Exosomal ZFPM2-AS1 contributes to tumorigenesis, metastasis, stemness, macrophage polarization, and infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma through PKM mediated glycolysis","volume":"38","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib110","first-page":"674","article-title":"Exosomal circFBLIM1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Progression and Glycolysis by Regulating the miR-338\/LRP6 Axis","volume":"38","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2152635","article-title":"Overcoming the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma to PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitor and the resultant immunosuppression by CD38 siRNA-loaded extracellular vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.19642","article-title":"Exosomes from Melatonin Treated Hepatocellularcarcinoma Cells Alter the Immunosupression Status through STAT3 Pathway in Macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01549-2","article-title":"Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and prospectives","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj7002","article-title":"Exosome-mediated genetic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages by exoASO-STAT6 leads to potent monotherapy antitumor activity","volume":"8","author":"Kamerkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01902-6","article-title":"Engineered extracellular vesicles mediated CRISPR-induced deficiency of IQGAP1\/FOXM1 reverses sorafenib resistance in HCC by suppressing cancer stem cells","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24555","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c05148","article-title":"Biomineralized Engineered Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles as cGAS-STING Nanoagonists Synergize with Lactate Metabolism Modulation to Potentiate Immunotherapy","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163010","article-title":"Harnessing tumorous flaws for immune supremacy: is miRNA-155 the weak link in breast cancer progression?","volume":"132","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40115-1","article-title":"Antigen-dependent IL-12 signaling in CAR T cells promotes regional to systemic disease targeting","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib119","article-title":"Enhancing Anti-Tumor Effects of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles via Endocytosis Route Switching and Interferon Response Suppression","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00701-z","article-title":"Improving CAR-T cell function through a targeted cytokine delivery system utilizing car target-modified extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01143-w","article-title":"Modular chimeric cytokine receptors with leucine zippers enhance the antitumour activity of CAR T cells via JAK\/STAT signalling","volume":"8","author":"Bell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01580-3","article-title":"Inhalable extracellular vesicle delivery of IL-12 mRNA to treat lung cancer and promote systemic immunity","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01509-2","article-title":"Solid tumour CAR-T cells engineered with fusion proteins targeting PD-L1 for localized IL-12 delivery","author":"Murad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.004","article-title":"Hyper-IL-15 suppresses metastatic and autochthonous liver cancer by promoting tumour-specific CD8+ T cell responses","volume":"61","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03494-1","article-title":"MIRLET7BHG promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating hepatic stellate cells through exosomal SMO to trigger Hedgehog pathway","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15569-2","article-title":"Alarmin-painted exosomes elicit persistent antitumor immunity in large established tumors in mice","volume":"11","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.03.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA released by senescent tumor cells enhances PMN-MDSC-driven immunosuppression through the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"58","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2118898","article-title":"Delivery of human natural killer cell-derived exosomes for liver cancer therapy: an in vivo study in subcutaneous and orthotopic animal models","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib129","article-title":"Functional enhancement of exosomes derived from NK cells by IL-15 and IL-21 synergy against hepatocellular carcinoma cells: The cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00406-9","article-title":"Exosomal miR-628-5p from M1 polarized macrophages hinders m6A modification of circFUT8 to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117296","article-title":"Exosome-based nanoparticles and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"179","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01931-2","article-title":"Engineering pyroptotic vesicles as personalized cancer vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123558","article-title":"Immune Regulation by Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Delgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01266-8","article-title":"Universal immunotherapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with exosome vaccines that engage adaptive and innate immune responses","volume":"15","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.019","article-title":"Dendritic cell-derived exosomes elicit tumor regression in autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models","volume":"67","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2018.01.001","article-title":"Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Exosomes in Combination with PD-1 Antibody Increase the Efficacy of Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1836406","article-title":"Enhanced antitumor efficacy through microwave ablation combined with a dendritic cell-derived exosome vaccine in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08717-5","article-title":"Oncolytic virus VG161 in refractory hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"641","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib139","article-title":"Engineered extracellular vesicles with DR5 agonistic scFvs simultaneously target tumor and immunosuppressive stromal cells","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46124","article-title":"Extracellular-vesicles delivered tumor-specific sequential nanocatalysts can be used for MRI-informed nanocatalytic Therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01206-1","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses as anticancer agents: clinical progress and remaining challenges","volume":"406","author":"Appleton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03849-5","article-title":"Dendritic cell maturation is induced by p53-armed oncolytic adenovirus via tumor-derived exosomes enhancing systemic antitumor immunity","volume":"74","author":"Ohtani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.05.017","article-title":"Aptamer-mediated gene therapy enhanced antitumor activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo","volume":"258","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.574007","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles-Mimetic Encapsulation Improves Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy in Tumors With Low Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01543-7","article-title":"Liquid biopsy: a step closer to transform diagnosis, prognosis and future of cancer treatments","volume":"21","author":"Lone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07471-w","article-title":"High baseline levels of PD-L1 reduce the heterogeneity of immune checkpoint signature and sensitize anti-PD1 therapy in lung and colorectal cancers","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00556-3","article-title":"M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate CD8+T cell exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-21-5p\/YOD1\/YAP\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"7","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib148","article-title":"HLA-G\/sHLA-G and HLA-G-Bearing Extracellular Vesicles in Cancers: Potential Role as Biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4921","article-title":"Enhanced detection of circulating tumor DNA by fragment size analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mouliere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-025-01456-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial echoes in the bloodstream: decoding ccf-mtDNA for the early detection and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0527","article-title":"Aberrant fragmentomic features of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA enable early detection and prognosis prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib152","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00540-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy biomarkers and their application in precision immuno-oncology","volume":"11","author":"Asleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomark. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12321-3","article-title":"CAR exosomes derived from effector CAR-T cells have potent antitumour effects and low toxicity","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1311","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutic Targeting of beta-Catenin to Modulate Anticancer Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Matsuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107960","article-title":"Exosomes synergized with PIONs@E6 enhance their immunity against hepatocellular carcinoma via promoting M1 macrophages polarization","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.36922\/OR025050008","article-title":"Application of cancer organoids: The forefront of personalized oncology and preclinical testing","volume":"1","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Organo Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20250006","article-title":"Organoid-tissue extracellular vesicles","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Med."}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661826001568?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661826001568?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:24:19Z","timestamp":1783088659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661826001568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":158,"alternative-id":["S1043661826001568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extracellular vesicles as signal hubs and targeted platforms in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108241","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108241"}}