{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:24:43Z","timestamp":1790267083830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015826","name":"Korean Society of Ginseng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:01:22Z","timestamp":1784044882000},"page":"108340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Innate immune surveillance and nucleic acid sensing: Gatekeepers of inflammatory cell death in respiratory infectious diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0755-6092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisha","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Hui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01550-w","article-title":"Early-life respiratory infections and developmental immunity determine lifelong lung health","volume":"24","author":"Lloyd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.93628","article-title":"Respiratory pathogenic microbial infections: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25120-6","article-title":"Etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections in China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202007-772OC","article-title":"Validating Measures of Disease Severity in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Sedhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.11.013","article-title":"Viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00163-21","article-title":"Coinfections with other respiratory pathogens among patients with COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Sreenath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112768","article-title":"The crosstalk between DNA-damage responses and innate immunity","volume":"140","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02174-2","article-title":"Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09767-9","article-title":"Glycosylation as a dynamic regulator of RLR and cGAS-STING innate immune signalling pathways","volume":"9","author":"Tong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01188-z","article-title":"The crucial regulatory role of type I interferon in inflammatory diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. & Biosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.12.012","article-title":"Viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"32","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45466-x","article-title":"NINJ1 mediates inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, and lethality during infection conditions and heat stress","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-024-01506-0","article-title":"Implications of inflammatory cell death-PANoptosis in health and disease","volume":"47","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Death Differ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.033","article-title":"Programmed cell death in animal development and disease","volume":"147","author":"Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib17","article-title":"Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death","volume":"191","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9156","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.17.9156-9172.2003","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection sensitizes cells to apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand","volume":"77","author":"Kotelkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"7521","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13683","article-title":"Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS","volume":"514","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299577","article-title":"A comparative study of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis components in mouse and human cells","volume":"19","author":"Choudhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.10.004","article-title":"Gasdermin D permeabilization of mitochondrial inner and outer membranes accelerates and enhances pyroptosis","volume":"56","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.01.007","article-title":"Non-canonical activation of inflammatory caspases by cytosolic LPS in innate immunity","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7661","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22393","article-title":"Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin","volume":"547","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00349-0","article-title":"The caspase-3\/GSDME signal pathway as a switch between apoptosis and pyroptosis in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Death Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-073119-095439","article-title":"Caspases in Cell Death, Inflammation, and Pyroptosis","volume":"38","author":"Kesavardhana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz2496","article-title":"RSV temporally reprograms apoptosis and pyroptosis to balance immune evasion and replication","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04062-5","article-title":"Gasdermin-D activation by SARS-CoV-2 triggers NET and mediate COVID-19 immunopathology","volume":"26","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12541","article-title":"Caspase-8: regulating life and death","volume":"277","author":"Tummers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3420168","article-title":"Differences of Key Proteins between Apoptosis and Necroptosis","volume":"2021","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.003","article-title":"Necroptosis: The Release of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Its Physiological Relevance","volume":"38","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.83","article-title":"Identification of RIP1 kinase as a specific cellular target of necrostatins","volume":"4","author":"Degterev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2094-z","article-title":"Current translational potential and underlying molecular mechanisms of necroptosis","volume":"10","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Death & Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00583-w","article-title":"Spontaneous necroptosis and autoinflammation are blocked by an inhibitory phosphorylation on MLKL during neonatal development","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167472","article-title":"Necroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells drives lung inflammation and injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"1870","author":"Komiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S403819","article-title":"PANoptosis: A Cell Death Characterized by Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04564-z","article-title":"Single cell analysis of PANoptosome cell death complexes through an expansion microscopy method","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108215","article-title":"PANoptosis in rheumatological and immunological diseases: Redefining cell death beyond classical pathways","volume":"228","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060966","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Sensor-Mediated PANoptosis in Viral Infection","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7876","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03875-8","article-title":"AIM2 forms a complex with pyrin and ZBP1 to drive PANoptosis and host defence","volume":"597","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03958-25","article-title":"Cytokine-driven PANoptosis of alveolar macrophages mediated by STAT1 underlies acute lung injury in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib42","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in antiviral innate immunity in livestock","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02368-9","article-title":"Immuno-metabolic diseases and therapeutics: molecular mechanisms via inflammasome signaling","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Commun. Signal."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38133","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M507163200","article-title":"Recognition of double-stranded RNA by human toll-like receptor 3 and downstream receptor signaling requires multimerization and an acidic pH","volume":"280","author":"de Bouteiller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.863","article-title":"Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens","volume":"194","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<3026::AID-IMMU3026>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Toll-like receptor expression reveals CpG DNA as a unique microbial stimulus for plasmacytoid dendritic cells which synergizes with CD40 ligand to induce high amounts of IL-12","volume":"31","author":"Krug","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1112","article-title":"Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01586","article-title":"Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5","volume":"10","author":"Brisse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00907-x","article-title":"IFI16 directly senses viral RNA and enhances RIG-I transcription and activation to restrict influenza virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01286-6","article-title":"ZBP1 and TRIF trigger lethal necroptosis in mice lacking caspase-8 and TNFR1","volume":"31","author":"Solon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Death & Differ."},{"issue":"7237","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07710","article-title":"AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA","volume":"458","author":"Fernandes-Alnemri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6121","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24033029","article-title":"How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib54","first-page":"2399","article-title":"Proapoptotic signaling induced by RIG-I and MDA-5 results in type I interferon-independent apoptosis in human melanoma cells","volume":"119","author":"Besch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104610","article-title":"MAVS: The next STING in cancers and other diseases","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.749077","article-title":"Airway Epithelial Innate Immunity","volume":"12","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aag2045","article-title":"ZBP1\/DAI is an innate sensor of influenza virus triggering the NLRP3 inflammasome and programmed cell death pathways","volume":"1","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107698","article-title":"Viral sensing by epithelial cells involves PKR- and caspase-3-dependent generation of gasdermin E pores","volume":"26","author":"Guy","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07748-0","article-title":"Gasdermin E deficiency limits inflammation and lung damage during influenza virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Rosli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab137","article-title":"H7N9 virus infection triggers lethal cytokine storm by activating gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-08","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses","volume":"22","author":"Mogensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib62","article-title":"Innate Immune Response of Human Alveolar Macrophages during Influenza A Infection","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020120","article-title":"The Roles of Inflammasomes in Host Defense Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"673","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aax7942","article-title":"The cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS recognizes neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"14","author":"Apel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167249","article-title":"PANoptosis in Viral Infection: The Missing Puzzle Piece in the Cell Death Field","volume":"434","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11110555","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights into Influenza A Virus-Induced Cell Death and Emerging Treatment Strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8325","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013752","article-title":"The Z\u03b12 domain of ZBP1 is a molecular switch regulating influenza-induced PANoptosis and perinatal lethality during development","volume":"295","author":"Kesavardhana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101611","article-title":"TRIM34 modulates influenza virus-activated programmed cell death by targeting Z-DNA-binding protein 1 for K63-linked polyubiquitination","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101270","article-title":"Influenza Virus-Induced Oxidized DNA Activates Inflammasomes","volume":"23","author":"Moriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01727-2","article-title":"Influenza virus infection activates TAK1 to suppress RIPK3-independent apoptosis and RIPK1-dependent necroptosis","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Commun. Signal."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.050","article-title":"Influenza Virus Z-RNAs Induce ZBP1-Mediated Necroptosis,","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111581","article-title":"TRIF-TAK1 signaling suppresses caspase-8\/3-mediated GSDMD\/E activation and pyroptosis in influenza A virus-infected airway epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103714","article-title":"Innate immune sensing of influenza A viral RNA through IFI16 promotes pyroptotic cell death","volume":"25","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3390\/v18020246","article-title":"Dissecting Cell Death Pathways in Influenza A Virus Infection: Comparative Insights from Human Models","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib75","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibody and small-molecule drugs: current status of clinical translation and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens2020232","article-title":"Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in Human Pneumovirus Infections","volume":"2","author":"Kolli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000965","article-title":"TLR3-Activated Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Trigger Progression from Acute Viral Infection to Chronic Disease in the Lung","volume":"206","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib78","article-title":"The role of alveolar macrophages in viral respiratory infections and their therapeutic implications","volume":"40","author":"Panahipoor Javaherdehi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1240552","article-title":"TLR7 promotes chronic airway disease in RSV-infected mice","volume":"14","author":"Miles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000445324","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 7-Targeted Therapy in Respiratory Disease","volume":"43","author":"Lebold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090932","article-title":"Lytic Cell Death Mechanisms in Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Macrophages: Roles of Pyroptosis and Necroptosis","volume":"12","author":"Bedient","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02202-17","article-title":"Differential Responses by Human Respiratory Epithelial Cell Lines to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Reflect Distinct Patterns of Infection Control","volume":"92","author":"Hillyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2022.018248","article-title":"Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection and the upregulation of TLR3","volume":"46","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3350-3357.2005","article-title":"Differential role for TLR3 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine expression","volume":"79","author":"Rudd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac295","article-title":"Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I Activation Inhibits Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication in Mammalian Cells and in Mouse and Ferret Models of Infection","volume":"226","author":"Schwab","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022643118","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial-derived cells and cardiomyocytes","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"74","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abo6294","article-title":"ZBP1-dependent inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, and cytokine storm disrupt IFN therapeutic efficacy during coronavirus infection","volume":"7","author":"Karki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0004","article-title":"Association between COVID-19 Severity and Expression of Viral Nucleic Acid Sensor Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells","volume":"111","author":"Ghoreshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"7914","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04702-4","article-title":"FcgammaR-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation","volume":"606","author":"Junqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201707","article-title":"Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients","volume":"218","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1066456","article-title":"Distinct SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments activate Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 and induce cytokine release from human macrophages and microglia","volume":"13","author":"Wallach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150542","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2\u2013associated ssRNAs activate inflammation and immunity via TLR7\/8","volume":"6","author":"Salvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111148","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells during COVID-19: Ally or adversary?","volume":"40","author":"Van der Sluis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021109622","article-title":"TLR2 and TLR7 mediate distinct immunopathological and antiviral plasmacytoid dendritic cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"41","author":"van der Sluis","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92940-3","article-title":"The RNA sensor MDA5 detects SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Sampaio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01715-4","article-title":"Jr., Differential activation of programmed cell death in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"9","author":"Riegler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Death Discov."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101717","article-title":"Pyroptosis and Its Role in SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"11","author":"Bittner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.166242","article-title":"MDA5 RNA-sensing pathway activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes innate immune subversion and pathogen survival","volume":"8","author":"Bullen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00415-20","article-title":"Nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors play a dominant role in innate immune recognition of pneumococci","volume":"11","author":"Fama","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661826002550?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661826002550?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:59:50Z","timestamp":1789397990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661826002550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S1043661826002550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Innate immune surveillance and nucleic acid sensing: Gatekeepers of inflammatory cell death in respiratory infectious diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108340","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108340"}}