{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:03:01Z","timestamp":1789401781199,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:23:31Z","timestamp":1786029811000},"page":"108366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Therapeutic potential of classic and non-classic psychedelics in neurodevelopmental disorders: Opportunities and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1384-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Giovenzana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9453-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Nicosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9381-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Spinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2174-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Musazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2363-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Mingardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.1\/macrocq","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014the history and future of a diagnosticconcept","volume":"22","author":"Morris-Rosendahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialog.-. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.007","article-title":"Reversing neurodevelopmental disorders in adults","volume":"60","author":"Ehninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib3","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years \u2014 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13394","article-title":"Genome sequencing identifies major causes of severe intellectual disability","volume":"511","author":"Gilissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib6","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120397","article-title":"Associations between multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and mental health in children","volume":"393","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.05.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders: from genetics to functional pathways","volume":"43","author":"Parenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000620","article-title":"Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders \u2013 a systematic review of twin and sibling studies","volume":"33","author":"Carlsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2021.103623","article-title":"Operative list of genes associated with autism and neurodevelopmental disorders based on database review","volume":"113","author":"Leblond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105815","article-title":"The contribution of environmental pollutants to the risk of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review of case-control studies","volume":"164","author":"Tartaglione","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15551","article-title":"Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and implications for neurodevelopment","volume":"65","author":"\u00d6zel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1734","article-title":"Elucidating the Links Between Endocrine Disruptors and Neurodevelopment","volume":"156","author":"Schug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000523942","article-title":"Early Life Stress, Hormones, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"96","author":"Makris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13050","article-title":"Early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders: underlying neural mechanisms","volume":"58","author":"Cioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.008","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy to improve social skills in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"344","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04412-1","article-title":"Comprehensive ABA-based interventions in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder \u2013 a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Eckes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v12.i1.1","article-title":"Play therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations","volume":"12","author":"Elbeltagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-025-00451-3","article-title":"Centering Families in Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research","volume":"9","author":"Lang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13123025","article-title":"Pharmacological Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Sclabassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32483","article-title":"Antipsychotics in the treatment of autism","volume":"118","author":"Posey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib22","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics for autism spectrum disorder: a network meta-analysis","volume":"2025","author":"Meza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2217\/phe.10.45","article-title":"Aripiprazole for Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder in Children and Adolescents Aged 6\u201317 Years","volume":"4","author":"Blankenship","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ped Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200529151741","article-title":"Effects of Risperidone in Autistic Children and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mano-Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2025.104454","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of risperidone and aripiprazole in reducing severity of irritability in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Panda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0116-3","article-title":"Treatment strategies for ADHD: an evidence-based guide to select optimal treatment","volume":"24","author":"Caye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15020043","article-title":"The Role of Alpha-2 Agonists for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Neuchat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0641-0","article-title":"Modulation of brain activation during executive functioning in autism with citalopram","volume":"9","author":"Wichers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14685","article-title":"Effect of Fluoxetine on Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"322","author":"Reddihough","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10050764","article-title":"A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fluoxetine for Repetitive Behaviors and Global Severity in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"169","author":"Hollander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib31","first-page":"50","article-title":"Antidepressant-Induced Activation in Children and Adolescents: Risk, Recognition and Management","volume":"48","author":"Luft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12111667","article-title":"Gene Therapies for Monogenic Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Weuring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1681647","article-title":"RNA-based therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders: innovative tools for molecular correction","volume":"12","author":"Drongitis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000515434","article-title":"Gene Transfer Therapy for Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"43","author":"Ozlu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Yang, S. Mayoral, Y.-H. Jiang, , 2026, Targeting UBE3A and downstream estrogen receptor-\u03b2 signaling to restore oligodendroglial homeostasis in Angelman syndrome 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.05.21.726878.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.21.726878"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib36","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06617429 n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib37","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.ucsd.edu\/trial\/NCT06415344 n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib38","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06914609 n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib39","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07181837 n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.05.014","article-title":"Gene-based therapeutics for rare genetic neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders","volume":"30","author":"Davidson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00476-9","article-title":"Crossing the blood\u2013brain barrier: emerging therapeutic strategies for neurological disease","volume":"24","author":"Pedder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00135","article-title":"Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for the Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Finisguerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102839","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as an Approach to Mitigate Neurodevelopmental Disorders Affecting Excitation\/Inhibition Balance: Focus on Autism Spectrum Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"11","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1938-5","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) for social cognition and social skills in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"125","author":"Esse Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7030063","article-title":"Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Short-Term Outcome Study","volume":"7","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1646-y","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"124","author":"Soff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-017-0552-4","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Neuronal Networks in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"30","author":"Sotnikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.11.005","article-title":"Trofinetide Treatment Demonstrates a Benefit Over Placebo for the Ability to Communicate in Rett Syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Neul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2516268","article-title":"Cerebral Folate Deficiency, Autism, and the Role of Leucovorin","volume":"394","author":"Goldman","year":"2026","journal-title":"New. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.11.013","article-title":"Statins and the brain: New perspective for old drugs","volume":"66","author":"Ling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2021.35.S1.02837","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Metformin to Ameliorate Behavioral Symptoms of Autism","volume":"35","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01632-1","article-title":"Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update","volume":"49","author":"Johnston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.04.037","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Alnefeesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111533","article-title":"Changing your mind: neuroplastic mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of psychedelics in depression, PTSD, and addiction","volume":"142","author":"Palhas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa087","article-title":"Ketamine and Serotonergic Psychedelics: Common Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants","volume":"24","author":"Kadriu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01389-z","article-title":"Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity","volume":"48","author":"Calder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01177-4","article-title":"The neural basis of psychedelic action","volume":"25","author":"Kwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015198","article-title":"Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.860882","article-title":"The Mechanisms Behind Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine: A Systematic Review With a Focus on Molecular Neuroplasticity","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.255","article-title":"Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant","volume":"23","author":"Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00876-0","article-title":"Structural neural plasticity evoked by rapid-acting antidepressant interventions","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib62","first-page":"361","article-title":"Neuroimaging-Derived Biomarkers of the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine","volume":"8","author":"Zavaliangos-Petropulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816071116","article-title":"Antidepressant-relevant concentrations of the ketamine metabolite (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine do not block NMDA receptor function","volume":"116","author":"Lumsden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1681060","article-title":"Comparative safety and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine for major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1903305","article-title":"Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression \u2014 First FDA-Approved Antidepressant in a New Class","volume":"381","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"New. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106132","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models","volume":"172","author":"Agnorelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15540","article-title":"Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action","volume":"162","author":"Slocum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1979","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf0435","article-title":"Psychedelics promote neuroplasticity through the activation of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors","volume":"379","author":"Vargas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.08.003","article-title":"Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics","volume":"42","author":"Aleksandrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01361-x","article-title":"Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans","volume":"48","author":"Knudsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116980","article-title":"Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention","volume":"218","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518377113","article-title":"Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging","volume":"113","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01744-z","article-title":"Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression","volume":"28","author":"Daws","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4","article-title":"Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG","volume":"9","author":"Timmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02734-y","article-title":"Large-scale brain connectivity changes following the administration of lysergic acid diethylamide, d-amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine","volume":"30","author":"Avram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.121675","article-title":"Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Perspective from meta-analysis","volume":"406","author":"Kishi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04154-z","article-title":"A short-acting psychedelic intervention for major depressive disorder: a phase IIa randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Erritzoe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.13481","article-title":"Single Treatment With MM120 (Lysergide) in Generalized Anxiety Disorder","volume":"334","author":"Robison","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-025-00629-8","article-title":"Psychedelics in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders and Addictive Behaviors: A Scoping Review","volume":"12","author":"Richard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2025.2549987","article-title":"Psychedelics, psychiatry and pharmacokinetics - where are we now?","volume":"21","author":"Caulfield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug. Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0324-9","article-title":"Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels","volume":"44","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnrgo.2021.784576","article-title":"Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL 100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation","volume":"2","author":"Barrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.3630","article-title":"Psychedelic and MDMA-Related Adverse Effects\u2014A Call for Action","volume":"5","author":"Simonsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.12.015","article-title":"The Effects of Acutely Administered 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Spontaneous Brain Function in Healthy Volunteers Measured with Arterial Spin Labeling and Blood Oxygen Level\u2013Dependent Resting State Functional Connectivity","volume":"78","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00204","article-title":"The effects of psilocybin and MDMA on between-network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers","volume":"8","author":"Roseman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00009","article-title":"Human Pharmacology of MDMA","volume":"26","author":"de la Torre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ther. Drug. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1075-9","article-title":"Oxytocin-dependent reopening of a social reward learning critical period with MDMA","volume":"569","author":"Nardou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05199.x","article-title":"Pharmacology of MDMA in Humans","volume":"914","author":"DE LA TORRE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1593561","article-title":"Might Microdosing Psychedelics Be Safe and Beneficial? An Initial Exploration","volume":"51","author":"Fadiman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1718250","article-title":"Psychedelic Microdosing: Prevalence and Subjective Effects","volume":"52","author":"Cameron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119857204","article-title":"Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research","volume":"33","author":"Kuypers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231225609","article-title":"Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: Comparison to known cardiotoxins","volume":"38","author":"Rouaud","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0044","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Low-Dose LSD for ADHD Treatment in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"82","author":"Mueller","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00576-7","article-title":"Genomics, convergent neuroscience and progress in understanding autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Willsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"392","author":"Lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1216-0","article-title":"The role of glutamate and its receptors in autism and the use of glutamate receptor antagonists in treatment","volume":"121","author":"Rojas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110560","article-title":"Ketamine administration in early postnatal life as a tool for mimicking Autism Spectrum Disorders core symptoms","volume":"117","author":"Bove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.749068","article-title":"Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Markopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000653","article-title":"Psilocybin Use in the Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review","volume":"48","author":"Moreno-Chaparro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.5c00034","article-title":"Psychedelics and Pro-Social Behaviors: A Perspective on Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04542-z","article-title":"Brief Report: Intranasal Ketamine in Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder\u2014Initial Results of a Randomized, Controlled, Crossover, Pilot Study","volume":"51","author":"Wink","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13cr08917","article-title":"Intranasal Ketamine Treatment in an Adult With Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"75","author":"Wink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5152\/pcp.2022.22037","article-title":"Ketamine Self-Medication in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Therapy-Resistant Depression","volume":"32","author":"Ozgen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1322679","article-title":"Case report: Adult with bipolar disorder and autism treated with ketamine assisted psychotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Harris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5010-9","article-title":"Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"235","author":"Danforth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib107","series-title":"Recent Adv. Biol. Psychiatry","first-page":"170","article-title":"Treatment of Autistic Schizophrenic Children with LSD-25 and UML-491","author":"Bender","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01091-6","article-title":"Systemic enhancement of serotonin signaling reverses social deficits in multiple mouse models for ASD","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020705118","article-title":"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"118","author":"De Gregorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib110","article-title":"Disrupted Human\u2013Dog Interbrain Neural Coupling in Autism-Associated Shank3 Mutant Dogs","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.08.018","article-title":"Effects of LSD on grooming behavior in serotonin transporter heterozygous (Sert) mice","volume":"296","author":"Kyzar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2017.1338232","article-title":"Absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein results in defects of RNA editing of neuronal mRNAs in mouse","volume":"14","author":"Filippini","year":"2017","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.008","article-title":"Abnormal Striatal GABA Transmission in the Mouse Model for the Fragile X Syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Centonze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2010.00004","article-title":"Genetic controls balancing excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis in neurodevelopmental disorder models","author":"Gatto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib115","unstructured":"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05832255 n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06286-3","article-title":"Psilocybin mitigates the cognitive deficits observed in a rat model of Fragile X syndrome","volume":"240","author":"Buzzelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-026-02361-x","article-title":"Psilocybin improves novel object recognition in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome through the modulation of the BDNF\/TrkB signaling pathway","author":"Ascone","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00137","article-title":"The Psychedelic N, N -Dipropyltryptamine Prevents Seizures in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome via a Mechanism that Appears Independent of Serotonin and Sigma1 Receptors","volume":"6","author":"Tyagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14171367","article-title":"Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Comprehensive Overview of the Mechanistic Insights from Human Studies to Animal Models","volume":"14","author":"Yacoub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00869-z","article-title":"Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: historical challenges and emerging frontiers","volume":"25","author":"Koirala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib121","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Faraone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707741104","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation","volume":"104","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30049-4","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hoogman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.08.014","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"60","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0044","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Low-Dose LSD for ADHD Treatment in Adults","volume":"82","author":"Mueller","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.8","article-title":"Effects of psychedelic microdosing versus conventional ADHD medication use on emotion regulation, empathy, and ADHD symptoms in adults with severe ADHD symptoms: A naturalistic prospective comparison study","volume":"67","author":"Haijen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nsa.2022.101012","article-title":"Microdosing with psychedelics to self-medicate for ADHD symptoms in adults: A prospective naturalistic study","volume":"1","author":"Haijen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00672","article-title":"Self-Rated Effectiveness of Microdosing With Psychedelics for Mental and Physical Health Problems Among Microdosers","volume":"10","author":"Hutten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82302-0","article-title":"silico investigation of ketamine and methylphenidate drug-drug conjugate for MDD and ADHD treatment using MD simulations and MMGBSA","volume":"15","author":"Asrar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00303-9","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02955387","article-title":"Gilles de la tourette syndrome treated with LSD","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.09.018","article-title":"Novel ADNP Syndrome Mice Reveal Dramatic Sex-Specific Peripheral Gene Expression With Brain Synaptic and Tau Pathologies","volume":"92","author":"Karmon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201700054","article-title":"ADNP Plays a Key Role in Autophagy: From Autism to Schizophrenia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"39","author":"Sragovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12030351","article-title":"Sensory Reactivity Symptoms Are a Core Feature of ADNP Syndrome Irrespective of Autism Diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Siper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib135","article-title":"An open-label study evaluating the safety, behavioral, and electrophysiological outcomes of low-dose ketamine in children with ADNP syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Kolevzon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human. Genet. Genom. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03005-8","article-title":"Transient peripheral blood transcriptomic response to ketamine treatment in children with ADNP syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Buxbaum Grice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/13810","article-title":"Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2","volume":"23","author":"Amir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/21678707.2016.1229181","article-title":"Neurobiologically-based treatments in Rett syndrome: opportunities and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Orphan Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199904)45:4<541::AID-ANA21>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Development of amino acid receptors in frontal cortex from girls with Rett syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Blue","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7030","article-title":"Altered Development of Glutamate and GABA Receptors in the Basal Ganglia of Girls with Rett Syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Blue","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-025-09591-y","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of ketamine in Rett syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2025.101413","article-title":"Intravenous esketamine in pediatric Rett syndrome: An open-label, early phase 1 pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13860","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2159-12.2012","article-title":"Brain Activity Mapping in Mecp2 Mutant Mice Reveals Functional Deficits in Forebrain Circuits, Including Key Nodes in the Default Mode Network, that are Reversed with Ketamine Treatment","volume":"32","author":"Kron","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.018","article-title":"Chronic Administration of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Improves Rett Syndrome Phenotype","volume":"79","author":"Patrizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2022.55.5.038","article-title":"Autistic-like social deficits in hippocampal MeCP2 knockdown rat models are rescued by ketamine","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112485","article-title":"MeCP2 prevents against sustained ketamine-induced synaptic depression at inhibitory synapses","volume":"28","author":"Piazza","year":"2025","journal-title":"IScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16421","article-title":"Psychedelic therapy in depression and substance use disorders","volume":"60","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15509","article-title":"From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"162","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-025-01446-2","article-title":"Psychedelics and Headache Disorders: an Update","volume":"25","author":"Im","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02360-0","article-title":"Psychedelics for acquired brain injury: a review of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"29","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211069100","article-title":"Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science","volume":"36","author":"Schlag","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811251338214","article-title":"Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Estric","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30272-9","article-title":"Side-effects associated with ketamine use in depression: a systematic review","author":"Short","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674251315642","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","author":"Sze Jing Yong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00208-1","article-title":"Clinical psychedelic research in adolescents: a scoping review and overview of ethical considerations","volume":"9","author":"Rajwani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives4020011","article-title":"Regulatory challenges of integrating psychedelics into mental health sector","volume":"4","author":"Soylemez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychoactives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.07.1001","article-title":"Psychedelics as therapeutics: research advances and implications for practice","volume":"62","author":"Gray","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Pharmacological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661826002811?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043661826002811?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:07:40Z","timestamp":1789398460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043661826002811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":157,"alternative-id":["S1043661826002811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Therapeutic potential of classic and non-classic psychedelics in neurodevelopmental disorders: Opportunities and challenges","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pharmacological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108366","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108366"}}