{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:56:43Z","timestamp":1791881803568,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T15:15:25Z","timestamp":1455894925000},"page":"367-376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Amygdalin, quackery or cure?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0129-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman A.","family":"Blaheta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Haferkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Juengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.05.041","article-title":"Acute cyanide intoxication due to apricot seed ingestion","volume":"44","author":"Ak\u0131l","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197711)40:5+<2692::AID-CNCR2820400942>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Selective inhibition with sodium cyanate of protein synthesis in colon cancer cells","volume":"40","author":"Allfrey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0003","first-page":"317","article-title":"Unproven methods of cancer management: Contreras methods","volume":"21","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"1971","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253010","article-title":"Pharmacology of amygdalin (laetrile) in cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Ames","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.024","article-title":"Possible contribution of beta-glucosidase and caspases in the cytotoxicity of glufosfamide in colon cancer cells","volume":"616","author":"Arafa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0006","first-page":"135","article-title":"Tumour hyperacidulation through intravenous glucose infusion enhanced by amygdalin and beta-glucosidase application","volume":"45","author":"Ardenne","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Geschwulstforsch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0007","first-page":"170","article-title":"Subacute laetrile intoxication","volume":"134","author":"Barnett","year":"1981","journal-title":"West J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0008","first-page":"687","article-title":"Accidental poisoning with peach seeds used as anticancer therapy\u2013report of two cases","volume":"70","author":"Barwina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Przegl. Lek."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-203","article-title":"High-dose ascorbic acid decreases detoxification of cyanide derived from amygdalin (laetrile): studies in guinea pigs","volume":"61","author":"Basu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(83)80345-X","article-title":"Acute cyanide poisoning from laetrile ingestion","volume":"12","author":"Beamer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0011","unstructured":"BfArM 2015a. http:\/\/www.bfarm.de\/DE\/Home\/home_node.html. Access 07.02.2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0012","unstructured":"BfArM 2015b. http:\/\/www.bfarm.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/Arzneimittel\/Pharmakovigilanz\/Gremien\/RoutinesitzungPar63AMG\/74Sitzung\/pkt-4-3.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1. Access 07. 02. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/09553007814550311","article-title":"The enhanced radiation response of an in vitro tumour model by cyanide released from hydrolysed amygdalin","volume":"33","author":"Biaglow","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.08.083","article-title":"Determination of amygdalin in apple seeds, fresh apples and processed apple juices","volume":"170","author":"Bolarinwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E634","article-title":"Life-threatening interaction between complementary medicines: cyanide toxicity following ingestion of amygdalin and vitamin C","volume":"39","author":"Bromley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(79)90047-1","article-title":"Conjoint use of laetrile and megadoses of ascorbic acid in cancer treatment: possible side effects","volume":"5","author":"Calabrese","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1597","article-title":"Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/610648","article-title":"Potential toxic levels of cyanide in almonds (Prunus amygdalus), apricot kernels (Prunus armeniaca), and almond syrup","volume":"2013","author":"Chaouali","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2012.738688","article-title":"Amygdalin induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer cell line HeLa cells","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00390359","article-title":"Studies on high-dose chemotherapy of amygdalin in murine P388 lymphocytic leukaemia and P815 mast cell leukaemia","volume":"109","author":"Chitnis","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0468","article-title":"Beliefs and perceptions of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who refused conventional treatment in favor of alternative therapies","volume":"17","author":"Citrin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0022","unstructured":"Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment 2006. Statement on cyanogenic glycosides in bitter apricot kernels. http:\/\/cot.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/cot\/cotstatementapricot200615.pdf. Access 17. 06. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198207083070213","volume":"307","author":"Correspondence (no authors listed)","year":"1982","journal-title":"Laetrile. N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198003133021108","article-title":"Law-medicine notes. Laetrile for the terminally ill: Supreme Court stops the nonsense","volume":"302","author":"Curran","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unsound methods of cancer treatment","volume":"4","author":"Curt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Princ. Pract. Oncol. Updates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0026","first-page":"99","article-title":"Pharmaceutical assessment of amygdalin (Laetrile) products","volume":"62","author":"Davignon","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-3-389","article-title":"The current status of laetrile","volume":"89","author":"Dorr","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197809072991013","article-title":"Special report on Laetrile: the NCI Laetrile Review. Results of the National Cancer Institute's retrospective Laetrile analysis","volume":"299","author":"Ellison","year":"1978","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-46","article-title":"High prevalence but limited evidence in complementary and alternative medicine: guidelines for future research","volume":"14","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(86)90206-1","article-title":"Comparative metabolism of linamarin and amygdalin in hamsters","volume":"24","author":"Frakes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(80)90523-8","article-title":"A beta-glucosidase in feline kidney that hydrolyzes amygdalin (laetrile)","volume":"201","author":"Freese","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735410363706","article-title":"Communication in cancer care: discussing complementary and alternative medicine","volume":"9","author":"Frenkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.271","article-title":"Anti-tumor promoting effect of glycosides from Prunus persica seeds","volume":"26","author":"Fukuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2011.0334","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine use in radiotherapy: what are patients using?","volume":"18","author":"Gillett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1391","article-title":"Amygdalin inhibits renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.2.269","article-title":"Cyanide poisoning from laetrile ingestion: role of nitrite therapy","volume":"78","author":"Hall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80131-7","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of cyanide","volume":"15","author":"Hall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0038","first-page":"2102","article-title":"Failure of amygdalin to arrest B16 melanoma and BW5147 AKR leukemia","volume":"36","author":"Hill","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510010409","article-title":"Blood cyanide levels in mice after administration of amygdalin","volume":"1","author":"Hill","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0040","first-page":"943","article-title":"User rate of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) of patients visiting a counseling facility for CAM of a German comprehensive cancer center","volume":"34","author":"Huebner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1159\/000362616","article-title":"Online survey of cancer patients on complementary and alternative medicine","volume":"37","author":"Huebner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.238.6.482c","article-title":"Fatal cyanide poisoning from accidental ingestion of amygdalin","volume":"238","author":"Humbert","year":"1977","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0043","first-page":"533","article-title":"Antitumor activity of a benzaldehyde derivative","volume":"69","author":"Kochi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0044","first-page":"105","article-title":"Amygdalin (Laetrile): effect on clonogenic cells from human myeloid leukemia cell lines and normal human marrow","volume":"64","author":"Koeffler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02976663","article-title":"Apoptosis induction of Persicae Semen extract in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells","volume":"26","author":"Kwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0046","first-page":"951","article-title":"Experimental studies of the antitumor activity of amygdalin MF (NSC-15780) alone and in combination with beta-glucosidase (NSC-128056)","volume":"59","author":"Laster","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0047","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Effects of cyanate, thiocyanate, and amygdalin on metabolite uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat","volume":"63","author":"Lea","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402295u","article-title":"Quantification of amygdalin in nonbitter, semibitter, and bitter almonds (Prunus dulcis) by UHPLC-(ESI)QqQ MS\/MS","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0049","article-title":"Chinese medicine amygdalin and \u03b2-glucosidase combined with antibody enzymatic prodrug system as a feasible antitumor therapy","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmt063","article-title":"Determination and pharmacokinetics of amygdalin in rats by LC-MS-MS","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0051","article-title":"Amygdalin blocks bladder cancer cell growth in vitro by diminishing cyclin A and cdk2","volume":"9","author":"Makarevi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110244","article-title":"Amygdalin influences bladder cancer cell adhesion and invasion in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Makarevi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0053","first-page":"18","article-title":"Increased cyanide values in a laetrile user","volume":"119","author":"Maxwell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-006-0168-9","article-title":"Laetrile for cancer: a systematic review of the clinical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Milazzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005476.pub3","article-title":"Laetrile treatment for cancer","volume":"11","author":"Milazzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005476.pub4","article-title":"Laetrile treatment for cancer","volume":"4","author":"Milazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398109529994","article-title":"Amygdalin metabolism and effect on reproduction of rats fed apricot kernels","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03310310033018","article-title":"A pharmacologic and toxicological study of amygdalin","volume":"245","author":"Moertel","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201283060403","article-title":"A clinical trial of amygdalin (Laetrile) in the treatment of human cancer","volume":"306","author":"Moertel","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0060","first-page":"299","article-title":"Chemotherapy of Inoperable Cancer. Preliminary Report of 10 Cases Treated with Laetrile","volume":"20","author":"Morrone","year":"1962","journal-title":"Exp. Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197910183011612","article-title":"More on cyanide poisoning from Laetrile","volume":"301","author":"Morse","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0062","series-title":"The Cancer Industry: The Classic Expose on the Cancer Establishment","first-page":"131","article-title":"The laetrile controversy","author":"Moss","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735404273918","article-title":"Patient perspectives: Tijuana cancer clinics in the post-NAFTA era","volume":"4","author":"Moss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0064","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Deliberate self-poisoning with laetrile","volume":"125","author":"Moss","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0065","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase as a defense against cyanide toxication: molecular properties and mode of detoxification","volume":"14","author":"Nagahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1053\/sonc.2002.50004","article-title":"Use of the best case series to evaluate complementary and alternative therapies for cancer: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Nahin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0067","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute, 2015a. Complementary and alternative medicine statement for Health professionals, Laetrile\/Amygdalin (PDQ\u00ae). www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/cam\/laetrile\/HealthProfessional. Access 03. 04. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0068","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute, 2015b. http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/cam\/laetrile\/HealthProfessional\/page1\/AllPages\/Print. Access 09. 05. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0069","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute, 2015c. http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/cam\/laetrile\/patient\/page2. Access 09. 05. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0070","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute, 2015d. http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/treatment\/treatmentsandsideeffects\/complementaryandalternativemedicine\/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment\/laetrile. Access 09. 05. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0071","first-page":"209","article-title":"Five years' experience with Laetrile therapy in advanced cancer","volume":"15","author":"Navarro","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Uno Int. Contra Cancum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0072","first-page":"392","article-title":"Laetrile therapy in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Navarro","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.10.6513","article-title":"Amygdalin (Laetrile) and prunasin beta-glucosidases: distribution in germ-free rat and in human tumor tissue","volume":"78","author":"Newmark","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0074","first-page":"97","article-title":"Amygdalin toxicity studies in rats predict chronic cyanide poisoning in humans","volume":"134","author":"Newton","year":"1981","journal-title":"West J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0075","first-page":"257","article-title":"Severe cyanide toxicity from `vitamin supplements'","volume":"12","author":"O'Brien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1039\/C2DT32429F","article-title":"Glycosylated copper(II) ionophores as prodrugs for \u03b2-glucosidase activation in targeted cancer therapy","volume":"42","author":"Oliveri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dalton Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)81261-X","article-title":"Acute cyanide poisoning following administration of laetrile enemas","volume":"93","author":"Ortega","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0078","first-page":"576","article-title":"Inactivity of DL-amygdalin against human breast and colon tumor xenografts in athymic (nude) mice","volume":"62","author":"Ovejera","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0079","first-page":"5156","article-title":"Amygdalin inhibits genes related to cell cycle in SNU-C4 human colon cancer cells","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28240","article-title":"A multisite, community oncology-based randomized trial of a brief educational intervention to increase communication regarding complementary and alternative medicine","volume":"119","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0081","first-page":"5363","article-title":"Amygdalin-mediated inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer cell invasion in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658208992518","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of prunasin, a metabolite of amygdalin","volume":"19","author":"Rauws","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201283060410","article-title":"Closing the books on Laetrile","volume":"306","author":"Relman","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0084","series-title":"Die neuern Arzneimittel, ihre physischen und chemischen Eigenschaften","first-page":"34","article-title":"Amygdalin","author":"Riecke","year":"1840"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0085","series-title":"9th International Cancer Congress","article-title":"A clinical trial of chemotherapeutic treatment of advanced cancers with L- mandelonitrile \u03b2- diglucoside (abstract)","author":"Rossi","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280420068022","article-title":"Rapid death associated with laetrile ingestion","volume":"239","author":"Sadoff","year":"1978","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2014.01.009","article-title":"Exploring frontiers: use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with early-stage breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Saghatchian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-014-0340-7","article-title":"Severe cyanide poisoning from an alternative medicine treatment with amygdalin and apricot kernels in a 4-year-old child","volume":"165","author":"Sauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3109\/09637481003796314","article-title":"Metabolites of amygdalin under simulated human digestive fluids","volume":"61","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0090","first-page":"65","article-title":"Cyanide poisoning after bitter almond ingestion","volume":"136","author":"Shragg","year":"1982","journal-title":"West J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21514","article-title":"Dose and time-dependent effects of cyanide on thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, and cystathionine \u03bb-lyase activities","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0092","unstructured":"Speijers, G., 2015. Cyanogenic glycosides. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection. http:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/jecfa\/jecmono\/v30je18.htm. Access 20. 07. 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930100202","article-title":"Antitumor tests of amygdalin in transplantable animal tumor systems","volume":"10","author":"Stock","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930100203","article-title":"Antitumor tests of amygdalin in spontaneous animal tumor systems","volume":"10","author":"Stock","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90580-0","article-title":"Intestinal first pass metabolism of amygdalin in the rat in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Strugala","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501401107","article-title":"Small-intestinal transfer mechanism of prunasin, the primary metabolite of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin","volume":"14","author":"Strugala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70077-0","article-title":"Acute cyanide toxicity caused by apricot kernel ingestion","volume":"32","author":"Suchard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02386005","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of rhodanese","volume":"22","author":"Sylvester","year":"1990","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19981209)78:6<712::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity following specific activation of amygdalin by beta-glucosidase conjugated to a bladder cancer-associated monoclonal antibody","volume":"78","author":"Syrigos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-013-0783-y","article-title":"Application of a quantitative 1H-NMR method for the determination of amygdalin in Persicae semen, Armeniacae semen, and Mume fructus","volume":"68","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199004000-00014","article-title":"Benzylidene-glucose: no effect after all?","volume":"13","author":"Tanum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1990.313","article-title":"4, 6-0-benzylidene--glucopyranose (BG) in the treatment of solid malignant tumours, an extended phase I study","volume":"62","author":"Tatsumura","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.934","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of hexose transport to determine the mechanism of amygdalin and prunasin absorption in the intestine","volume":"23","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0104","series-title":"Doctoral thesis. Medical faculty of the Georg August-University G\u00f6ttingen","article-title":"Influence of amygdalin treatment on clinical progress and tumor relevant serum enzymes in 29 cancer patients","author":"Weber","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0105","first-page":"139","article-title":"Emergent topics on chemistry education","volume":"24E1","author":"Wisniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Quimica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0106","first-page":"939","article-title":"Antitumor activity of amygdalin MF (NSC-15780) as a single agent and with beta-glucosidase (NSC-128056) on a spectrum of transplantable rodent tumors","volume":"59","author":"Wodinsky","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2003.10.016","article-title":"Cyanogenic glucosides and plant-insect interactions","volume":"65","author":"Zagrobelny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"}],"container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711316000362?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711316000362?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T16:28:07Z","timestamp":1654360087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944711316000362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0944711316000362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-7113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-7113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Amygdalin, quackery or cure?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Phytomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}