{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T07:46:55Z","timestamp":1791013615477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-JYB-XJSJJ-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-JYB-XJSJJ-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82074235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82074235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81874373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T23:26:40Z","timestamp":1631230000000},"page":"153717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Yage","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingke","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimengwei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Orekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.06.001","article-title":"Panax ginseng improves glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through 5\u2032 adenosine monophosphate kinase up-regulation","volume":"26","author":"Abdelazim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422415000098","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes: the link between adipose tissue dysfunction and glucose homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Abranches","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321","article-title":"Adiponectin, a therapeutic target for obesity, diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Achari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-03891-8","article-title":"Recent updates on novel therapeutic targets of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"476","author":"Afzal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1049","article-title":"Recent methodology in the phytochemical analysis of ginseng","volume":"19","author":"Angelova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087585","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes causes skeletal muscle atrophy but does not impair resistance training-mediated myonuclear accretion and muscle mass gain in rats","volume":"104","author":"Ato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118455","article-title":"AMPK allostery: a therapeutic target for the management\/treatment of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"261","author":"Ayinde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00423","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides as an adjuvant treatment for diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183302","article-title":"Catalpol in diabetes and its complications: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and Safety","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.2889","article-title":"Korean red ginseng improves glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.2889","article-title":"Korean red ginseng improves glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12324","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12324","article-title":"Effects of alpha-cyclodextrin on cholesterol control and Compound K on glycaemic control in people with pre-diabetes: protocol for a Phase III randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Bessell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7360","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902055R","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 confers protection against diabetic coronary atherosclerosis by stimulating M2 macrophage polarization via the activation of the CREB\/BDNF\/TrkB signaling pathway","volume":"34","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0014","first-page":"712","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Re on chromosome aberration in Chinese hamster lung cells","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Pest Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0015","first-page":"531","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates abnormal glucolipid metabolism of liver through inhibition of JNK signal pathway in diabetic rats","volume":"34","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810050202105","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Panax Ginseng","volume":"19","author":"Carabin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/797310","article-title":"Ginseng extracts restore high-glucose induced vascular dysfunctions by altering triglyceride metabolism and downregulation of atherosclerosis-related genes","volume":"2013","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X11009184","article-title":"Two-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of Panax ginseng in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice","volume":"39","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735403251167","article-title":"Panax ginseng: a role in cancer therapy?","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.12.008","article-title":"Effects of processing method on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of orally administered ginseng","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0021","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of red ginseng saponins in scopolamine-treated rats and activity screening based on pharmacokinetics","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244501","article-title":"Review of Ginseng anti-diabetic studies","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0023","first-page":"146","article-title":"Effect of ginsenosides Rg1 on liver injury, oxidative stress and liver tissue Toll-like receptor 4 expression in diabetes rats","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.03.005","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity improvement of fermented Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) mediated by insulin resistance hallmarks in old-aged ob\/ob mice","volume":"39","author":"Cheon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08852.x","article-title":"Abnormal protein expression in the corpus cavernosum impairs erectile function in type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Chiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.01.003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Panax ginseng berry extract on glycemic control: a 12-wk randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.01.003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Panax ginseng berry extract on glycemic control: a 12-wk randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2018.10.006","article-title":"Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and compound K after single or multiple administration of red ginseng extract in human beings","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.09.002","article-title":"Chronic saponin treatment attenuates damage to the pancreas in chronic alcohol-treated diabetic rats","volume":"41","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.111","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb2 promotes glucose metabolism and attenuates fat accumulation via AKT-dependent mechanisms","volume":"100","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00506","article-title":"Protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol-type saponins ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus in high-fat diet\/streptozocin-induced mice","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314665","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"124","author":"Dillmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-8650201900201","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats1","volume":"34","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194936","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates high glucose-induced oxidative injury via the NAD-PARP-SIRT axis in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110915","article-title":"Ginsenosides for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Pharmacology and mechanisms","volume":"132","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00002.2020","article-title":"Phosphorylation of key podocyte proteins and the association with proteinuric kidney disease","volume":"319","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109183","article-title":"Melatonin regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, VEGF and apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy in rats","volume":"327","author":"Ferreira de Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0039","first-page":"1214","article-title":"The study of the side effects of Ginseng","volume":"42","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liaoning J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0040","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Rd on chromosome aberration in Chinese hamster lung cells","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pharmacovigil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.12.155","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents early diabetic retinopathy via reducing retinal ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer cell apoptosis in db\/db mice","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172801","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 protects mice against streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic by modulating the NLRP3 and Keap1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways","volume":"866","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10641","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0722598","article-title":"Compound K enhances insulin secretion with beneficial metabolic effects in db\/db mice","volume":"55","author":"Gi Cheol Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399813666161122123636","article-title":"Skeletal muscle insulin resistance as a precursor to diabetes: beyond glucoregulation","volume":"14","author":"Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.03.020","article-title":"Compound K, a final intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, enhances insulin secretion in MIN6 pancreatic beta-cells by upregulation of GLUT2","volume":"87","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002584","article-title":"The efficacy of ginseng-related therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Gui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2391","article-title":"Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Guilherme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00464","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 mitigates atherosclerosis progression in diabetic apoE-\/- mice by skewing macrophages to the M2 phenotype","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.10.1316","article-title":"Ginseng total saponin improves podocyte hyperpermeability induced by high glucose and advanced glycosylation endproducts","volume":"26","author":"Ha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.05.004","article-title":"Ginseng total saponin modulates the changes of alpha-actinin-4 in podocytes induced by diabetic conditions","volume":"38","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.4139","article-title":"Ginseng total saponin attenuates podocyte apoptosis induced by diabetic conditions through the recovery of CD2-associated protein","volume":"22","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.08.009","article-title":"Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) ameliorates type 1 diabetes and restores immune cell compartments","volume":"144","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2018.12.003","article-title":"Korean Red Ginseng attenuates type 2 diabetic cardiovascular dysfunction in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats","volume":"44","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0054","first-page":"695","article-title":"Role of ginseng polysaccharides in renal fibrosis via cAMP \/PKA \/CREB signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Pharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0055","first-page":"389","article-title":"Genetic toxicity and subchronic toxicity of tissue culture of ginseng","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1237978","article-title":"Red ginseng powder fermented with probiotics exerts antidiabetic effects in the streptozotocin-induced mouse diabetes model","volume":"55","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hepatokines and metabolism: deciphering communication from the liver","volume":"101138","author":"Jensen-Cody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4706","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic effect of fermented ginseng in type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-020-00753-3","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of black ginseng extract containing increased Rh4, Rg5, and Rk1 content in muscle and liver of type 2 diabetic db\/db mice","volume":"29","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0060","first-page":"55","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits glucose-induced proliferation, inflammation and expression of PTX3 in human glomerular mesangial cells","volume":"33","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Yantai University(Natural Science and Engineering Edition)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171644","article-title":"Structural characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0062","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Difference analysis of chemical composition and pharmacological activity of ginseng leaf and ginseng","volume":"32","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.02.017","article-title":"Effects of compound K on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"95","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.018","article-title":"Chemical and antihyperglycemic activity changes of ginseng pectin induced by heat processing","volume":"114","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0066","first-page":"804","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Re on the pregnancy outcome of gestational diabetic rats through the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway and re lated mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.12.030","article-title":"Effects of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaves on lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in streptozotocin diabetic rats","volume":"98","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.4256","article-title":"Ginseng extract modified by pectin lyase inhibits retinal vascular injury and blood-retinal barrier breakage in a rat model of diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0069","first-page":"494","article-title":"Effects of Korean red ginseng supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1678","article-title":"Protective effect of sun Ginseng against diabetic renal damage","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.06.077","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) against streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage in rats","volume":"591","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1839-4","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effect of black ginseng extract by augmentation of AMPK protein activity and upregulation of GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression in db\/db mice","volume":"17","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1159\/000373928","article-title":"High glucose promotes tumor invasion and increases metastasis-associated protein expression in human lung epithelial cells by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 via reactive oxygen species or the TGF-beta1\/PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0440","article-title":"Ginseng for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications: a discussion of the evidence","volume":"97","author":"Karmazyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112693","article-title":"Korean red ginseng attenuates hyperglycemia-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis via accelerated autophagy and protects against diabetic kidney disease","volume":"254","author":"Karunasagara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2019.15.1","article-title":"Diabetes and lung disease: a neglected relationship","volume":"15","author":"Khateeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1925-7","article-title":"GS-E3D, a new pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract, inhibited diabetes-related renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2011.35.2.129","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of fermented red ginseng extracts in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.451","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K after oral administration of Korean Red Ginseng extract","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.04.012","article-title":"Regulation of signaling molecules associated with insulin action, insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell mass in the hypoglycemic effects of Korean red ginseng in Goto-Kakizaki rats","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0082","article-title":"Black Ginseng extract counteracts streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.05.012","article-title":"Effects of gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rd, Rg3, F2, and compound K in healthy volunteers treated orally with red ginseng","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.03.003","article-title":"Effect of a soluble prebiotic fiber, NUTRIOSE, on the absorption of ginsenoside Rd in rats orally administered ginseng","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.11.002","article-title":"A prebiotic fiber increases the formation and subsequent absorption of compound K following oral administration of ginseng in rats","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.5.406","article-title":"Rg3 improves mitochondrial function and the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0087","first-page":"903","article-title":"Ginsenoside content of berries and roots of three typical Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) cultivars","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines2020106","article-title":"Safety analysis of panax ginseng in randomized clinical trials: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000550","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ginseng","volume":"3","author":"Kitts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09516-w","article-title":"Diabetic lung disease: fact or fiction?","volume":"20","author":"Kolahian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.75","article-title":"Targeting adipose tissue in the treatment of obesity-associated diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Kusminski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.07.034","article-title":"Ginseng treatment reverses obesity and related disorders by inhibiting angiogenesis in female db\/db mice","volume":"155","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.052","article-title":"Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) prevents obesity by inhibiting angiogenesis in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3686","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes glucose uptake through activated AMPK pathway in insulin-resistant muscle cells","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010033","article-title":"Panax ginseng pharmacopuncture: current status of the research and future challenges","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.12.012","article-title":"Studies on absorption, distribution and metabolism of ginseng in humans after oral administration","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0097","article-title":"UPLC-QTOF\/MS-based metabolomics applied for the quality evaluation of four processed panax ginseng products","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.08.004","article-title":"GS-KG9 ameliorates diabetic neuropathic pain induced by streptozotocin in rats","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082383","article-title":"Ginseng extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, prevent blood-brain barrier disruption and thereby inhibit apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2014.17.026","article-title":"Intravenous single-dose toxicity of mountain ginseng pharmacopuncture in sprague-dawley rats","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharmacopuncture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2011.35.1.039","article-title":"Evaluation of the oral acute toxicity of black Ginseng in rats","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S2005-2901(11)60013-7","article-title":"Systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ginseng","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317604","article-title":"Exercise regulates microRNAs to preserve coronary and cardiac function in the diabetic heart","volume":"127","author":"Lew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.031","article-title":"Purification, characterization and anticancer activity of a polysaccharide from Panax ginseng","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.11.016","article-title":"Panax ginseng polysaccharide induces apoptosis by targeting Twist\/AKR1C2\/NF-1 pathway in human gastric cancer","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.06.024","article-title":"Mechanism of antidiabetic and synergistic effects of ginseng polysaccharide and ginsenoside Rb1 on diabetic rat model","volume":"158","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0107","first-page":"9","article-title":"Myocardial protective effects of ginsenoside e on rats with diabetes mellitus","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shangdong Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.10.011","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides and compound K on type 2 diabetes mice induced by high-fat diet combining with streptozotocin via suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0109","first-page":"612","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on liver injury in rats with type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.0016","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of Chinese Ginseng prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0111","article-title":"Alleviative effects of 20(R)-Rg3 on HFD\/STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy via MAPK\/NF-kappaB signaling pathways in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"267","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.12.005","article-title":"Ginseng and obesity","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.04.007","article-title":"Role of lysophosphatidic acid in the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors","volume":"1863","author":"Lidgerwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01154","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 induces beta 3 adrenergic receptor-dependent lipolysis and thermogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db\/db mice","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0115","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Study on toxicological safety of radix ginseng rubra","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Health Lab. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0116","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 against myocardial apoptosis during ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0117","first-page":"79","article-title":"Ginsenoside contents in three different ginseng","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dalian Polytech. Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0118","first-page":"12","article-title":"Toxicity experiment of excess ginseng saponin on pprimitive culturred mouse liver cells","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Changsha Med. Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112792","article-title":"Traditional uses, chemical diversity and biological activities of Panax L. (Araliaceae): a review","volume":"263","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0120","unstructured":"Liu, N., An, K., 2019. Protective effect of ginsenoside CK on type 2 diabetic rat's kidney. 20, 315\u2013319."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18788","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 Inhibits Glucagon-Induced Hepatic Gluconeogenesis through Akt-FoxO1 Interaction","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145065","article-title":"Circular RNA HIPK3 exacerbates diabetic nephropathy and promotes proliferation by sponging miR-185","volume":"765","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0123","first-page":"6","article-title":"The effects of ginsenosides on serum cystatin C and Chemerin in diabetic retinopathy rats","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12779","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 improves erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0125","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, a nonsaponin fraction from ginseng processing in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice through regulating the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK-3beta and Bcl-2\/bax signaling pathways","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112308","article-title":"Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide ameliorates diabetic hepatic glucose metabolism via glucagon-mediated signaling pathways and modifying liver-glycogen structure","volume":"248","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0127","article-title":"Dynamic changes in neutral and acidic ginsenosides with different cultivation ages and harvest seasons: identification of chemical characteristics for panax ginseng quality control","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10110471","article-title":"Control of adipose cell browning and its therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Lizcano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071364","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 improves cardiac fibrosis via PPARdelta-STAT3 signaling in type 1-like diabetic rats","volume":"18","author":"Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0130","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Study on the regulation of ginseng on physiological indexes","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lab. Diagn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00858.x","article-title":"Effect of Panax ginseng supplementation on biomarkers of glucose tolerance, antioxidant status and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic subjects: results of a placebo-controlled human intervention trial","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00858.x","article-title":"Effect ofPanax ginsengsupplementation on biomarkers of glucose tolerance, antioxidant status and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic subjects: results of a placebo-controlled human intervention trial","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068659","article-title":"Rk1, a ginsenoside, is a new blocker of vascular leakage acting through actin structure remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Maeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.019","article-title":"Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: from pharmacology to toxicology","volume":"107","author":"Mancuso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154304","article-title":"Functional loss of pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes: how can we halt it?","volume":"110","author":"Marrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0136","first-page":"553","article-title":"Effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on antihyperglycemia and antioxidation in diabetic mice","volume":"34","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. South China Agric. Univ."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib241","first-page":"3701","article-title":"Research on chemical reactions during ginseng processing","volume":"39","author":"Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100905","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: the role of mitochondria in the neural retina and microvascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6520475","article-title":"Potential health benefits of deep sea water: a review","volume":"2016","author":"Mohd Nani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2593","article-title":"Antiobesity effects of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) mediated by PPAR-gamma, GLUT4 and LPL in ob\/ob mice","volume":"23","author":"Mollah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.954","article-title":"Ejaculatory dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Mostafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0141","first-page":"3785","article-title":"A novel identified circular RNA, circ_0000491, aggravates the extracellular matrix of diabetic nephropathy glomerular mesangial cells through suppressing miR101b by targeting TGFbetaRI","volume":"22","author":"Mou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.09.064","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 promotes browning through regulation of PPARgamma in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"466","author":"Mu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9188-x","article-title":"Quality, safety and efficacy profiling of ginseng adventitious roots produced in vitro","volume":"102","author":"Murthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030080","article-title":"Effect of red ginseng extract on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"10","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0145","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Treatment with Pluchea indica (L.) Less. leaf ethanol extract alleviates liver injury in multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic BALB\/c mice","volume":"20","author":"Nopparat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072006","article-title":"Asaronic acid inhibited glucose-triggered M2-phenotype shift through disrupting the formation of coordinated signaling of IL-4Ralpha-Tyk2-STAT6 and GLUT1-Akt-mTOR-AMPK","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-237","article-title":"Postprandial glucose-lowering effects of fermented red ginseng in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-237","article-title":"Postprandial glucose-lowering effects of fermented red ginseng in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.11.005","article-title":"Review of cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse","volume":"39","author":"Paik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.05.008","article-title":"Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Palmisano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0151","first-page":"5","article-title":"Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts of Panax ginseng","volume":"27","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ginseng Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.005","article-title":"Effects of ginseng on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.4059","article-title":"Korean Red Ginseng protects against mitochondrial damage and intracellular inflammation in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104108","article-title":"The effect of Korean Red Ginseng on sarcopenia biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"90","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.05.006","article-title":"An 8-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for the antidiabetic effects of hydrolyzed ginseng extract","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.12.004","article-title":"The non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng (KGC05P0) decreases glucose uptake and transport in vitro and modulates glucose production via down-regulation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway in vivo","volume":"44","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112747","article-title":"Black Ginseng and ginsenoside Rb1 promote browning by inducing UCP1 expression in 3T3-L1 and primary white adipocytes","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.09.006","article-title":"The antioxidant activities of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ginsenosides: a systemic review through in vivo and clinical trials","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20200026","article-title":"Diabetic atherosclerosis: is there a role for the hypoxia-inducible factors?","volume":"40","author":"Pirri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14074","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b05706","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rb1 improved diabetic cardiomyopathy through regulating calcium signaling by alleviating protein O-GlcNAcylation","volume":"67","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0161","first-page":"741","article-title":"Effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on myocardial oxidative stress in diabetic Rats","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Beihua Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.187","article-title":"Korean red ginseng extract alleviates advanced glycation end product-mediated renal injury","volume":"37","author":"Quan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.02.004","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides","volume":"45","author":"Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2299","article-title":"Ginseng and ginsenoside Re do not improve b-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Reeds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2299","article-title":"Ginseng and ginsenoside Re do not improve beta-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Reeds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.006","article-title":"Skeletal muscle - a bystander or influencer of metabolic syndrome?","volume":"14","author":"Richter-Stretton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-018-0711-0","article-title":"Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"114","author":"Riehle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/582060","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: vascular and inflammatory disease","volume":"2015","author":"Semeraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.060","article-title":"Black ginseng extract exerts anti-hyperglycemic effect via modulation of glucose metabolism in liver and muscle","volume":"190","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S139602","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 nanoparticle penetrating the blood-brain barrier to improve the cerebral function of diabetic rats complicated with cerebral infarction","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040865","article-title":"Red Ginseng improves exercise endurance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and myoblast differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.08.032","article-title":"Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) inhibits obesity and improves lipid metabolism in high fat diet-fed castrated mice","volume":"210","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2014.3.2.89","article-title":"Effects of Korean White Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) on vascular and glycemic health in type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-crossover, acute dose escalation trial","volume":"3","author":"Shishtar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107391","article-title":"The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Shishtar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2013.871006","article-title":"Ginsenoside F2 possesses anti-obesity activity via binding with PPARgamma and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3-L1 cell line","volume":"30","author":"Siraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200520139","article-title":"Tissue cultured mountain ginseng adventitious roots\u2122: safety and toxicity evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0177","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Ginseng therapy in non-lnsulin-dependent diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Sotaniem","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.10.1373","article-title":"Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Sotaniemi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.567899","article-title":"Drug discovery and development of novel therapeutics for inhibiting TMAO in models of atherosclerosis and diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Steinke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60326a","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative activities of ginseng polysaccharides in STZ-induced diabetic mice","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0181","first-page":"220","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside-Rg3 on the expression of VEGF and TNF-alpha in retina with diabetic rats","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.025","article-title":"alpha-Amylase-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Panax ginseng","volume":"75","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.03.033","article-title":"Structure and biological activities of the polysaccharides from the leaves, roots and fruits of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: an overview","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0185","first-page":"929","article-title":"Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 on oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic kidney disease rats","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0770","article-title":"Association between serum IGF-1 and diabetes among U.S. adults","volume":"33","author":"Teppala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/484161","article-title":"Merit of ginseng in the treatment of heart failure in type 1-like diabetic rats","volume":"2014","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2006.04.003","article-title":"Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety","volume":"18","author":"Vuksan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27601","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on lung injury in diabetic rats","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0190","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on PI3K-Akt\/PKB pathway and expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in rats with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rec. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.11.004","article-title":"Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide attenuates type 2 diabetes mellitus via the regulation of PI3K\/Akt-mediated glycogen synthesis and glucose metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145076","article-title":"circ_0037128\/miR-17-3p\/AKT3 axis promotes the development of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"765","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108207","article-title":"Reducing NADPH synthesis counteracts diabetic nephropathy through restoration of AMPK activity in type 1 diabetic rats","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104014","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg5 relieves type 2 diabetes by improving hepatic insulin resistance in db\/db mice","volume":"71","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0195","first-page":"5","article-title":"Influence of ginsenoside Rg3 on the expressions of Bax and B-cell lymphoma-2 protein and renal cell apoptosis in rats with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. Pract. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0196","first-page":"193","article-title":"Comparative research of rats hematological changes in middle and late phase of ginseng subchronic toxicity tes","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Pract. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0197","first-page":"197","article-title":"Research of hematological changes in chronic toxicity test of ginseng","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Pract. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-010-0558-4","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0199","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 preconditioning enhances eNOS expression and attenuates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats","volume":"2011","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0200","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Effects of ginsenosides Rg1 on erectile dysfunction in diabetic rats","volume":"41","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Patent Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00695","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re attenuates high glucose-induced RF\/6A injury via regulating PI3K\/AKT inhibited HIF-1alpha\/VEGF signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101061","article-title":"Beneficial effects of small molecule oligopeptides isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer on pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and death in diabetic rats","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.04.055","article-title":"Rg1 inhibits high glucose-induced mesenchymal activation and fibrosis via regulating miR-2113\/RP11-982M15.8\/Zeb1 pathway","volume":"501","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.03.003","article-title":"Effect of Korean Red Ginseng treatment on the gene expression profile of diabetic rat retina","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0205","first-page":"853","article-title":"Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on serum oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory factors and kidney tissue TGF-\u03b21 and MCP-1 mRNA in diabetic nephropathy rats","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Mod. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0206","first-page":"2506","article-title":"Study on the toxicological safety of dry Radix Ginseng","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0207","first-page":"161","article-title":"Study on the toxicological safety of honeyed Ginseng","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Latest Med. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0208","first-page":"15","article-title":"Study on genetic toxicity and long -term feeding experiments for rats of four-year fresh Ginseng","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med.. Herald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0209","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 improves cognitive impairment induced by insulin resistance through Cdk5\/p35-NMDAR-IDE pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0210","first-page":"157","article-title":"Toxicological security study of 6 year-old fresh ginseng","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Mod. Dist. Educ. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0211","first-page":"13","article-title":"A study on protective effects of ginsenosides Rg1 on pathological liver injury in rats with type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.02.007","article-title":"A novel and effective mode-switching triple quadrupole mass spectrometric approach for simultaneous quantification of fifteen ginsenosides in Panax ginseng","volume":"44","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0286-3","article-title":"The role of macrophages in obesity-associated islet inflammation and beta-cell abnormalities","volume":"16","author":"Ying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8348","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b02954","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against hyperphosphorylated tau-induced diabetic retinal neurodegeneration via activation of IRS-1\/Akt\/GSK3beta signaling","volume":"67","author":"Ying","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2011.00185.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ginsam, a vinegar extract from Panax ginseng, in type 2 diabetic patients: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"3","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0216","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Toxicological assessment of safety of 5 year-old fresh Radix Ginseng Rubra","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12739","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1400204","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.11.004","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates liver fat accumulation by upregulating perilipin expression in adipose tissue of db\/db obese mice","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.31083\/ph.2019.8858","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury via HIF-1 alpha-ERK signalling pathways in a diabetic rat model","volume":"74","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0221","first-page":"S190","article-title":"Fermented ginseng protects streptozotocin-induced damage in rat pancreas by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121244","article-title":"Metabolic dysregulation and neurovascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Yumnamcha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0223","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy through up-regulating PGC-1\u03b1","volume":"20","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Mod. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0224","first-page":"9","article-title":"Experimental study on toxicity of ginseng tablets","volume":"28","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ginsneg Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0225","article-title":"Characteristics of Panax ginseng cultivars in Korea and China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0226","first-page":"103","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the expression of MMP-2, 9 and IV collagen in the cortex of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Word Latest Med. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0227","first-page":"103","article-title":"Adverse reactions of commonly used traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Naturopathy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0228","first-page":"466","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the expression of TNF-\u03b1 and MCP-1 in rats with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sichuan Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0229","first-page":"342","article-title":"Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0230","first-page":"466","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Rgl on the expression of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in rats with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00802","article-title":"Unraveling the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229","article-title":"Natural occurring polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: a review of isolation, structures, and bioactivities","volume":"133","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0233","first-page":"3638","article-title":"The improvement of ginseng glycoseptide on islet \u03b2 cell injury in rats","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0234","first-page":"35","article-title":"Study on optimiation of extraction and testing methods of chemical components in Ginseng","volume":"2019","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Acad. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0235","article-title":"Regulation of insulin resistance and adiponectin signaling in adipose tissue by liver X receptor activation highlights a cross-talk with PPARgamma","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA22751H","article-title":"Structural analysis of ginseng polysaccharides extracted by EDTA solution","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030204","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 as an anti-diabetic agent and its underlying mechanism analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0238","first-page":"5093","article-title":"Effects of 20(S) ginsenoside Rg3 on TGF-\u03b21 expression and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells of diabetic rats","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0295-z","article-title":"GSK3beta-mediated tau hyperphosphorylation triggers diabetic retinal neurodegeneration by disrupting synaptic and mitochondrial functions","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104746","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg5 against kidney injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the MAPK signaling pathway in high-fat diet\/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"155","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."}],"container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711321002609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711321002609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:45:26Z","timestamp":1777592726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944711321002609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":239,"alternative-id":["S0944711321002609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-7113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-7113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Phytomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153717","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"153717"}}