{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:08:10Z","timestamp":1792274890706,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T03:46:00Z","timestamp":1679543160000},"page":"154782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mechanisms of theaflavins against gout and strategies for improving the bioavailability"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jingzi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiankuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030942","article-title":"Enzymatic oxidation of tea catechins and its mechanism","volume":"27","author":"Abudureheman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.05.001","article-title":"The impact of gallic acid on the methotrexate-induced kidney damage in rats","volume":"25","author":"Asci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S68861","article-title":"Liposomes as nanomedical devices","volume":"10","author":"Bozzuto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051052","article-title":"Nanoemulsion and nanoliposome based strategies for improving anthocyanin stability and bioavailability","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2020.06.024","article-title":"Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by theaflavin: possible mechanism for anti-hyperuricaemia effect in mice","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57010058","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic hyperuricemia: an evidence-based update","volume":"57","author":"Cicero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0007","first-page":"533","article-title":"Gout: rapid evidence review","volume":"102","author":"Clebak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0008","first-page":"495","article-title":"Pathogenesis, clinical findings and management of acute and chronic gout","volume":"97","author":"Corrado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minerva. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0115-y","article-title":"Gout","volume":"5","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"10287","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"10055","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00346-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"388","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku293","article-title":"SwissTargetPrediction: a web server for target prediction of bioactive small molecules","volume":"42","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0441-1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors","volume":"16","author":"Dehlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0014","first-page":"14","article-title":"Liposome: methods of preparation and applications","volume":"3","author":"Dua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmceut. Stud. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6678","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136678","article-title":"The role of ABCG2 in the pathogenesis of primary hyperuricemia and gout-an update","volume":"22","author":"Eckenstaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-005-0368-5","article-title":"Roles of organic anion transporters (OATs) and a urate transporter (URAT1) in the pathophysiology of human disease","volume":"9","author":"Enomoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00207.2007","article-title":"Multiple organic anion transporters contribute to net renal excretion of uric acid","volume":"33","author":"Eraly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2020.12.006","article-title":"Molecular pathophysiology of uric acid homeostasis","volume":"40","author":"Estiverne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b05909","article-title":"In vitro bioavailability, cellular antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of \u03b2-carotene-loaded emulsions stabilized by catechin-egg white protein conjugates","volume":"66","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0020","first-page":"831","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gout","volume":"90","author":"Hainer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1344521","article-title":"Research progress on theaflavins: efficacy, formation, and preparation","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0022","first-page":"54","article-title":"The effect of different reaction conditions on the synthesis of theaflavins by polyphenol oxidase from Mengku large leaf species","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25649","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025649","article-title":"External application of herbal medicine for gout: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"100","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07382","article-title":"Enhancing intestinal permeability of Theaflavin-3,3\u2032-digallate by chitosan-caseinophosphopeptides nanocomplexes","volume":"70","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2014.08.006","article-title":"Nanotechnology for increased micronutrient bioavailability","volume":"40","author":"Joyce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1252-4","article-title":"Drug-phospholipid complex-a go through strategy for enhanced oral bioavailability","volume":"20","author":"Kuche","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8911","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR01383G","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based advanced dermal therapeutics: current trends and future potential","volume":"10","author":"Kuche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112138","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate prevents acute gout by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial DNA synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112860","article-title":"Apamin from bee venom suppresses inflammation in a murine model of gouty arthritis","volume":"257","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-022-02723-x","article-title":"Optimization of enzymatic synthesis of theaflavins from potato polyphenol oxidase","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0031","article-title":"Network Pharmacology, molecular docking technology integrated with pharmacodynamic study to reveal the potential targets of Schisandrol A in drug induced liver injury by acetaminophen","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0032","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Research on the synthesis of theaflavins catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000066d","article-title":"Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells by theaflavin-3,3\u2019-digallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and propyl gallate","volume":"48","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3HI0518-193R","article-title":"Frontline science: reprogramming COX-2, 5-LOX, and CYP4A-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages by salidroside alleviates gouty arthritis","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research Progress on bioactivity of theaflavins","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000016","article-title":"The development from hyperuricemia to gout: key mechanisms and natural products for treatment","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acupunct. Herb Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0037","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in hyperuricemia and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitors","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8329","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008329","article-title":"Increased circulating Th22 cells in patients with acute gouty arthritis: a consort-compliant article","volume":"96","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.02.175","article-title":"Green synthesis of DyBa2Fe3O7.988\/DyFeO3 nanocomposites using almond extract with dual eco-friendly applications: photocatalytic and antibacterial activities","volume":"47","author":"Makarim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00015-9","article-title":"Zymographic analysis of latent and activated forms of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in synovial fluid: correlation to polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and in response to infection","volume":"329","author":"Makowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01313.x","article-title":"ABCG2 transporter: therapeutic and physiologic implications in veterinary species","volume":"35","author":"Mealey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0042","first-page":"234","article-title":"Research progress of signal pathway related to pathogenesis of gouty arthritis","volume":"37","author":"OuYang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0043","first-page":"313","article-title":"Self-emulsifying drug delivery system: a review","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"RJPT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2013.10.011","article-title":"Novel methods for liposome preparation","volume":"177","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0045","first-page":"198","article-title":"Research progress on health benefits and mechanism of theaflavins in black tea","volume":"47","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tea Commun."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01707","article-title":"Bioavailability of black tea theaflavins: absorption, metabolism, and colonic catabolism","volume":"65","author":"Pereira-Caro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/1872210514666200909154409","article-title":"An overview of the recent developments and patents in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":"15","author":"Purohit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0048","series-title":"Study on Mechanism of Transport and Metabolism of Theaflavis in Caco-2 Cell Lines","author":"Qu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740080203","article-title":"The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. I.-Fractionation and paper chromatography of water-soluble substances","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0049","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and application of Co\/Co3O4 nanocomposites as an effective photocatalyst for discoloration of organic dye contaminants in wastewater and antibacterial properties","volume":"337","author":"Seyede","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.17696","article-title":"Dy2BaCuO5\/Ba4DyCu3O9.09 S-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities","volume":"104","author":"Seyede","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2174\/1872210513666181127110413","article-title":"Recent patents, formulation techniques, classification and characterization of liposomes","volume":"13","author":"Sheoran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.07.005","article-title":"Recent developments in nanoformulation of lipophilic functional foods","volume":"46","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-010-0296-z","article-title":"Black tea polyphenol theaflavin suppresses LPS-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression via blockage of NF-\u03baB and JNK activation in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"60","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103803","article-title":"Anti-hyperuricemic effects of three theaflavins isolated from black tea in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"66","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040918","article-title":"Synthesis of theaflavins and their functions","volume":"23","author":"Takemoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0922-5","article-title":"What makes gouty inflammation so variable?","volume":"15","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0057","first-page":"125","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of theaflavin-chitosan nanoemulsion","volume":"3","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Food Addit."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0059","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute gout","volume":"12","author":"van Durme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4470","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4470","article-title":"A sensitive UPLC-MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of polyphenols and theaflavins in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study of Da Hong Pao tea","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0061","article-title":"Gegen qinlian decoction ameliorates hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury via blocking the inflammatory signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8239","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v66.8239","article-title":"Tea and its components reduce the production of uric acid by inhibiting xanthine oxidase","volume":"66","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03622-0","article-title":"Network pharmacology and in vivo experiments reveal the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Simiao Powder in prevention and treatment for gout","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0064","series-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of gout","author":"Xue","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-017-0373-8","article-title":"Improved intestinal absorption of water-soluble drugs by acetylation of G2 PAMAM dendrimer nanocomplexes in rat","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0066","first-page":"1569","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 342 cases of acute gouty arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guangming J. Chin. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.508568","article-title":"A minireview of analytical methods for the geographical origin analysis of teas (Camellia sinensis)","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.937855","article-title":"Trends in the contribution of genetic susceptibility loci to hyperuricemia and gout and associated novel mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0069","first-page":"6095","article-title":"Research progress on biological activity and application development of theaflavins","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herbal Drugs"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05032","article-title":"Preventive efficiency of green tea and its components on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1377736","article-title":"Comparative effects of green and black tea extracts on lowering serum uric acid in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."}],"container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711323001435?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711323001435?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:47:26Z","timestamp":1760554046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944711323001435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S0944711323001435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-7113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-7113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mechanisms of theaflavins against gout and strategies for improving the bioavailability","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Phytomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"154782"}}