{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:15:49Z","timestamp":1791573349357,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1C1C2012889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1C1C2012889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002632","name":"Hallym University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MHC-2024-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHC-2024-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002632","name":"Hallym University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MHC-2023-02-02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHC-2023-02-02-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T18:16:24Z","timestamp":1739038584000},"page":"156457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["L-theanine ameliorates traumatic-brain-injury-induced hippocampal neuronal death in rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Min Kyu","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Ra","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae Ki","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Wook","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo Young","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Wan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won il","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Won","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2020.4803","article-title":"Effects of l-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"24","author":"Baba","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124521","article-title":"Using the Morris water maze to assess spatial learning and memory in weanling mice","volume":"10","author":"Barnhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14389","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3408-12.2012","article-title":"Layer-specific CREB target gene induction in human neocortical epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Beaumont","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.09.010","article-title":"l-Theanine attenuates cadmium-induced neurotoxicity through the inhibition of oxidative damage and tau hyperphosphorylation","volume":"57","author":"Ben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-016-2221-4","article-title":"Decreased cysteine uptake by EAAC1 gene deletion exacerbates neuronal oxidative stress and neuronal death after traumatic brain injury","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.01.002","article-title":"Alcohol dependence treating agent, acamprosate, prevents traumatic brain injury-induced neuron death through vesicular zinc depletion","volume":"207","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695829","article-title":"Ca(2+)\/calmodulin binding to PSD-95 mediates homeostatic synaptic scaling down","volume":"37","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104478","article-title":"Neuroprotective attributes of l-theanine, a bioactive amino acid of tea, and its potential role in Parkinson's disease therapeutics","volume":"129","author":"Deb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4733-03.2004","article-title":"Postsynaptic density 95 controls AMPA receptor incorporation during long-term potentiation and experience-driven synaptic plasticity","volume":"24","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.08.006","article-title":"Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis","volume":"30","author":"Forman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvi107","article-title":"The interaction between PSD-95 and Ca2+\/calmodulin is enhanced by PDZ-binding proteins","volume":"138","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7367","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-17-07367.1999","article-title":"Enhancement of AMPA-mediated current after traumatic injury in cortical neurons","volume":"19","author":"Goforth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00221-5","article-title":"Protein kinase C signaling and oxidative stress","volume":"28","author":"Gopalakrishna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.124","article-title":"l-Theanine and NEP1-40 promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery after brachial plexus root avulsion","volume":"508","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0119","article-title":"Increased Fear Generalization and Amygdala AMPA Receptor Proteins in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"39","author":"Hoffman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010324","article-title":"Glutathione in brain disorders and aging","volume":"27","author":"Iskusnykh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100943","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: oxidative stress and novel anti-oxidants such as mitoquinone and edaravone","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.25.1513","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins","volume":"25","author":"Kakuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72318-x","article-title":"Roles of HMGB1 on life-threatening traumatic brain injury and sequential peripheral organ damage","volume":"14","author":"Kawai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.257520","article-title":"Glutathione precursors shield the brain from trauma","volume":"14","author":"Koza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06382-y","article-title":"l-theanine attenuates LPS-induced motor deficit in experimental rat model of Parkinson's disease: emphasis on mitochondrial activity, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitters","volume":"240","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.514","article-title":"Human marrow stromal cell therapy for stroke in rat: neurotrophins and functional recovery","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90630-0","article-title":"Antiepileptogenic and anticonvulsant effects of NBQX, a selective AMPA receptor antagonist, in the rat kindling model of epilepsy","volume":"638","author":"Namba","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0015","first-page":"21","article-title":"The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent","volume":"6","author":"Nathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Herb Pharmacother"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-23-j0001.2000","article-title":"Induction and activation by zinc of NADPH oxidase in cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes","volume":"20","author":"Noh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2021.1907909","article-title":"l-Theanine ameliorates motor deficit, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration against chronic tramadol induced rats model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"45","author":"Raj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.030","article-title":"l-Theanine alleviates MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease by targeting Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"226","author":"Ratih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.07.016","article-title":"l-theanine: an astounding sui generis amino acid in poultry nutrition","volume":"99","author":"Saeed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102273","article-title":"Role of zinc in immune system and anti-cancer defense mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Skrajnowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0532","article-title":"Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors appear in cortical neurons after traumatic mechanical injury and contribute to neuronal fate","volume":"25","author":"Spaethling","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.16-15","article-title":"l-Theanine protects against excess dopamine-induced neurotoxicity in the presence of astrocytes","volume":"59","author":"Takeshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.03.018","article-title":"Gills are an initial target of zinc oxide nanoparticles in oysters Crassostrea gigas, leading to mitochondrial disruption and oxidative stress","volume":"153","author":"Trevisan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of a novel AMPA receptor antagonist, YM90K, in rat focal cerebral ischaemia","volume":"768","author":"Umemura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01306-8","article-title":"Tackling neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: complement inhibition as a therapy for secondary injury","volume":"20","author":"van Erp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90240-R","article-title":"AMPA receptor activation potentiates zinc neurotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Weiss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00779-y","article-title":"Zinc-mediated activation of CREB pathway in proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5405104","article-title":"The Polarization States of Microglia in TBI: a New Paradigm for Pharmacological Intervention","volume":"2017","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/10284150500170799","article-title":"Effects of theanine, \u03b3-glutamylethylamide, on neurotransmitter release and its relationship with glutamic acid neurotransmission","volume":"8","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2317-6","article-title":"An L-Glutamine Transporter Isoform for Neurogenesis Facilitated by L-Theanine","volume":"42","author":"Yoneda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104505","article-title":"The role of glutamine in neurogenesis promoted by the green tea amino acid theanine in neural progenitor cells for brain health","volume":"129","author":"Yoneda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2018.02.003","article-title":"Current understanding of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury and cell-based therapeutic opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Zaheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0025","article-title":"CREB1 and ATF1 Negatively Regulate Glutathione Biosynthesis Sensitizing Cells to Oxidative Stress","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.06.030","article-title":"Synaptic modification by L-theanine, a natural constituent in green tea, rescues the impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory in AD mice","volume":"138","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1180-8","article-title":"Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46012","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046012","article-title":"Chronic zinc exposure decreases the surface expression of NR2A-containing NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4868","article-title":"l-theanine administration results in neuroprotection and prevents glutamate receptor agonist-mediated injury in the rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"27","author":"Zukhurova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother Res"}],"container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711325000984?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711325000984?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:19:25Z","timestamp":1774963165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944711325000984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0944711325000984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-7113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-7113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"L-theanine ameliorates traumatic-brain-injury-induced hippocampal neuronal death in rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Phytomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156457","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"156457"}}