{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:41:06Z","timestamp":1793745666863,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016104","name":"Key Project of Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JK2153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JK2153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008959","name":"Hunan Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023JJ50004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ50004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T16:10:59Z","timestamp":1773504659000},"page":"158078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Low-dose epigallocatechin gallate combined with L-theanine effectively alleviate obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by remodeling gut homeostasis and avoiding its hepatotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Gaolong","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanshu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-an","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.10.002","article-title":"Metatranscriptomics-guided discovery and characterization of a polyphenol-metabolizing gut microbial enzyme","volume":"32","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.711055","article-title":"Procedures for fecal microbiota transplantation in murine microbiome studies","volume":"11","author":"Bokoliya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102364","article-title":"Tea compounds and the gut microbiome: findings from trials and mechanistic studies","volume":"11","author":"Bond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030654","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): pharmacological properties, biological activities and therapeutic potential","volume":"30","author":"Capasso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220962708","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate decreases plasma triglyceride, blood pressure, and serum kisspeptin in obese human subjects","volume":"246","author":"Chatree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.003","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of high-dose green tea extract on weight reduction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093846","article-title":"L-Theanine and Immunity: a Review","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00485","article-title":"Liver injury caused by green tea extract in PD-1(-\/-) mice: an impaired immune tolerance model for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury","volume":"34","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0009","article-title":"Advancements in pharmacological treatment of NAFLD\/MASLD: a focus on metabolic and liver-targeted interventions","volume":"12","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep. (Oxf.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20046","article-title":"Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on 8-week remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"321","author":"Costello","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.155","article-title":"High-fat diet alters gut microbiota physiology in mice","volume":"8","author":"Daniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"7484","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"de Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108455","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate but not catechin prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice similar to green tea extract while differentially affecting the gut microbiota","volume":"84","author":"Dey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.01.017","article-title":"Green tea extract prevents obesity in male mice by alleviating gut dysbiosis in association with improved intestinal barrier function that limits endotoxin translocation and adipose inflammation","volume":"67","author":"Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1148814","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates high-fat diet-induced hepatic lipotoxicity by targeting mitochondrial ROS-mediated ferroptosis","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020599","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate dampens non-alcoholic fatty liver by modulating liver function, lipid profile and macrophage polarization","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06196-3","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): executive summary","volume":"67","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90888-y","article-title":"Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 alleviates inflammation within the gut-adipose tissue axis involving TLR5 signaling in obese mice","volume":"11","author":"Fabersani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32689","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury","volume":"77","author":"Fontana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0540-4","article-title":"Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut","volume":"4","author":"Fung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0789-6","article-title":"Association of daily coffee and tea consumption and metabolic syndrome: results from the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study","volume":"54","author":"Grosso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009622666220705101642","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Induced HepG2 Cells Apoptosis through ROSmediated AKT \/JNK and p53 Signaling Pathway","volume":"23","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169350","article-title":"Depletion of gut microbiota inhibits hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65302","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18582","article-title":"The involvement of Nrf2 in the protective effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on NaAsO(2)-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102362","article-title":"Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Hidese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108478","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activities of green tea catechins along the gut-liver axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: lessons learned from preclinical and human studies","volume":"85","author":"Hodges","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31538","article-title":"HLA-B*35:01 and green tea-induced liver injury","volume":"73","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1557698","article-title":"GABA and L-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1698575","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate has antibacterial and antibiofilm activity in methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus of different lineages in non-cytotoxic concentrations","volume":"35","author":"Knidel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae279","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: an ESC clinical consensus statement","volume":"32","author":"Koskinas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42564-0","article-title":"The mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 is dispensable in the liver and its absence induces mitohormesis to protect liver from drug-induced injury","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20220125","article-title":"Butyrate-producing colonic clostridia: picky glycan utilization specialists","volume":"67","author":"Leth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01366","article-title":"EGCG reduces obesity and white adipose tissue gain partly through AMPK activation in mice","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216031","article-title":"Effect of a flavonoid combination of apigenin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on alleviating intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis models","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0038","article-title":"L-theanine: a unique functional amino acid in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) with multiple health benefits and food applications","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00664-6","article-title":"L-theanine prevents progression of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolic pathways via the CaMKK\u03b2-AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16966","article-title":"The antibacterial mechanism of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against Campylobacter jejuni through transcriptome profiling","volume":"89","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.3c00253","article-title":"Investigating the immune basis of green tea extract induced liver injury in healthy donors expressing HLA-B*35:01","volume":"36","author":"Line","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03587","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and human gut microbiota in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50845","article-title":"A widely distributed metalloenzyme class enables gut microbial metabolism of host- and diet-derived catechols","volume":"9","author":"Maini Rekdal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155510","article-title":"Co-decoction of Lilii bulbus and Radix Rehmannia Recens and its key bioactive ingredient verbascoside inhibit neuroinflammation and intestinal permeability associated with chronic stress-induced depression via the gut microbiota-brain axis","volume":"129","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2022.0032","article-title":"Effect of coffee and tea consumption on adolescent weight control: an interventional pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Moran-Lev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Obes."},{"issue":"10431","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","article-title":"Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2014.993356","article-title":"Mechanism for the antibacterial action of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) on Bacillus subtilis","volume":"79","author":"Nakayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0049","unstructured":"NHFPC, 2014. Announcement on Approving Tea Theanine as a New Food Raw Material (No. 15 of 2014). National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/sps\/c100088\/201407\/9bceee42235d4dcc934ddf3b3e580877.shtml."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.02.008","article-title":"United States Pharmacopeia (USP) comprehensive review of the hepatotoxicity of green tea extracts","volume":"7","author":"Oketch-Rabah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-1210","article-title":"L-theanine activates the browning of white adipose tissue through the AMPK\/\u03b1-ketoglutarate\/Prdm16 axis and ameliorates diet-induced obesity in mice","volume":"70","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133061","article-title":"The intrinsic virtues of EGCG, an extremely good cell guardian, on prevention and treatment of diabesity complications","volume":"25","author":"Potenza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9574LSF","article-title":"Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited","volume":"22","author":"Reagan-Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0054","first-page":"654","article-title":"Mechanism of action of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: auto-oxidation-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2 in Jurkat cells","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109094","article-title":"EGCG and catechin relative to green tea extract differentially modulate the gut microbial metabolome and liver metabolome to prevent obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"109","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.01.005","article-title":"Long-term treatment with green tea polyphenols modifies the gut microbiome of female sprague-dawley rats","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156744","article-title":"Tea polyphenol EGCG enhances the improvements of calorie restriction on hepatic steatosis and obesity while reducing its adverse outcomes in obese rats","volume":"141","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01115-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1199519","article-title":"Activation of Kupffer cells in NAFLD and NASH: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8230","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13658","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of L-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate combined intervention in alcoholic fatty liver rats","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0061","article-title":"The inhibition of LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses is associated with the protective effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on bovine hepatocytes and murine liver","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.015","article-title":"PINK1-mediated mitophagy protects against hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury by restraining NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"160","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.06.018","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the inhibition of the expression and activity of Dipeptide kinase 4","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0064","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins","volume":"16","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0160","article-title":"Effect of green tea supplements on liver enzyme elevation: results from a randomized intervention study in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12525","article-title":"Therapeutic management of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.08.007","article-title":"Mechanistic basis and preliminary practice of butyric acid and butyrate sodium to mitigate gut inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177100","article-title":"Taxifolin attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing PINK1\/Parkin-mediated mitophagy","volume":"985","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00823-y","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates hepatic damages by relieve FGF21 resistance and promotion of FGF21-AMPK pathway in mice fed a high fat diet","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1737-1742.2001","article-title":"Mechanism of synergy between epigallocatechin gallate and beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071101","article-title":"Research progress on the protective effect of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on the liver","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05088-x","article-title":"Oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial fission promotes hepatic stellate cell activation via stimulating oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13071121","article-title":"The protective effects of L-theanine against epigallocatechin gallate-induced acute liver injury in mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01768J","article-title":"Combined use of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and caffeine in low doses exhibits marked anti-obesity synergy through regulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0076","first-page":"9067","article-title":"Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated endotoxemia in rats via modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and alleviating intestinal barrier dysfunction and related inflammation","volume":"72","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116207","article-title":"Fu brick tea supplementation ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated endotoxemia via maintaining intestinal homeostasis and remodeling hepatic immune microenvironment","volume":"209","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711326003132?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711326003132?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:09:06Z","timestamp":1790114946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944711326003132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0944711326003132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-7113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-7113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Low-dose epigallocatechin gallate combined with L-theanine effectively alleviate obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by remodeling gut homeostasis and avoiding its hepatotoxicity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Phytomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158078","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier GmbH. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"158078"}}