{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:01:27Z","timestamp":1790118087058,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQ2023C010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2023C010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012453","name":"China Agricultural Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010038","name":"Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:43:48Z","timestamp":1775231028000},"page":"158119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates diarrhea in piglets by suppressing the NMU-NMUR1-ILC2 axis and modulating microbiota-associated energy metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanting","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujing","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082302","article-title":"Quercetin dietary supplementation advances growth performance, gut microbiota, and intestinal mRNA expression genes in broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Abdel-Latif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051075","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 Is a master regulator of mitochondrial lifecycle and ROS stress response","volume":"12","author":"Abu Shelbayeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2190305","article-title":"Comparing early life nutritional sources and human milk feeding practices: personalized and dynamic nutrition supports infant gut microbiome development and immune system maturation","volume":"15","author":"Ames","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut. Microbes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.018","article-title":"A piglet model of iatrogenic rectosigmoid hypoganglionosis reveals the impact of the enteric nervous system on gut barrier function and microbiota postnatal development","volume":"56","author":"Arnaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1028953","article-title":"The role of cholesterol and mitochondrial bioenergetics in activation of the inflammasome in IBD","volume":"13","author":"Astorga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020207","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 induces epithelial-enteric neuronal crosstalk stimulating VIP release","volume":"13","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.026","article-title":"Interleukin 21 drives a hypermetabolic State and CD4(+) T-cell-associated pathogenicity in chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"166","author":"Bamidele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.32","article-title":"New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function","volume":"8","author":"Birchenough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106875","article-title":"The neuromedin U system: pharmacological implications for the treatment of obesity and binge eating behavior","volume":"195","author":"Botticelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90415-3","article-title":"Neuromedin U octapeptide alters ion transport in porcine jejunum","volume":"155","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108520","article-title":"Intestinal morphology and immune profiles are altered in piglets by early-weaning","volume":"105","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23469","article-title":"Neuronal regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells via neuromedin U","volume":"549","author":"Cardoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103291","article-title":"EGCG drives gut microbial remodeling-induced epithelial GPR43 activation to lessen Th1 polarization in colitis","volume":"75","author":"Che","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500039","article-title":"Capsaicin alleviates abnormal intestinal motility through regulation of enteric motor neurons and MLCK activity: relevance to intestinal motility disorders","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.943119","article-title":"Patchouli alcohol improved diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by regulating excitatory neurotransmission in the myenteric plexus of rats","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00313-x","article-title":"NAD(+) metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing","volume":"22","author":"Covarrubias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006","article-title":"Secretory sorcery: paneth cell control of intestinal repair and homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Cray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12167","article-title":"Purine metabolism controls innate lymphoid cell function and protects against intestinal injury","volume":"96","author":"Crittenden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00279B","article-title":"Induction of autism-related behavior in male mice by early-life vitamin D deficiency: association with disruption of the gut microbial composition and homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707004","article-title":"Neuromedin U can exert colon-specific, enteric nerve-mediated prokinetic activity, via a pathway involving NMU1 receptor activation","volume":"150","author":"Dass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143265","article-title":"Liposomal epigallocatechin-3-gallate for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in children with Autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"de la Rubia Ort\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146162","article-title":"Pglyrp-regulated gut microflora Prevotella falsenii, parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides eggerthii enhance and Alistipes finegoldii attenuates colitis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Dziarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01071.x","article-title":"Development and evolution of ror\u03b3t+ cells in a microbe's world","volume":"245","author":"Eberl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02936-7","article-title":"Glutamate regulates gliosis of BMSCs to promote ENS regeneration through \u03b1-KG and H3K9\/H3K27 demethylation","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-220","article-title":"Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Fischer Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071220","article-title":"Curcumin and resveratrol regulate intestinal bacteria and alleviate intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets","volume":"24","author":"Gan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.104875","article-title":"EGCG improve meat quality, restore lipid metabolism disorder and regulate intestinal flora in high-fat fed broilers","volume":"104","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155643","article-title":"The potential of EGCG in modulating the oral-gut axis microbiota for treating inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"130","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in postweaning piglets: understanding the keys to health","volume":"25","author":"Gresse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154768","article-title":"Therapeutic application of natural products: NAD(+) metabolism as potential target","volume":"114","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00675-x","article-title":"The role of goblet cells and mucus in intestinal homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9129984","article-title":"Atractylenolide III improves mitochondrial function and protects against ulcerative colitis by activating AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1","volume":"2022","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1978094","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: a link between the nervous system and microbiota in intestinal networks","volume":"2019","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.05.013","article-title":"A single strain of Clostridium butyricum induces intestinal IL-10-producing macrophages to suppress acute experimental colitis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00157-22","article-title":"Microbiome profiling of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) carriers highlights signature differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals","volume":"13","author":"Higginson","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3427","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells via modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Hossen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235140","article-title":"Disturbances of the gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18644","article-title":"Glial-cell-derived neuroregulators control type 3 innate lymphoid cells and gut defence","volume":"535","author":"Ibiza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0753-y","article-title":"Basophils prime group 2 innate lymphoid cells for neuropeptide-mediated inhibition","volume":"21","author":"Inclan-Rico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0040","first-page":"11","article-title":"Tea polyphenols in promotion of Human health","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23676","article-title":"The neuropeptide neuromedin U stimulates innate lymphoid cells and type 2 inflammation","volume":"549","author":"Klose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.11.013","article-title":"Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha","volume":"127","author":"Lagouge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.12.012","article-title":"Glycolytic regulation of intestinal stem cell self-renewal and differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15082","article-title":"Changes in enteric neurons of small intestine in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2023.102235","article-title":"Involvement of enteric glial cells in colonic motility in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade4177","article-title":"Neuromedin U programs eosinophils to promote mucosal immunity of the small intestine","volume":"381","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04526","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates staphylococcal enterotoxin A-induced intestinal barrier damage by regulating gut microbiota and inhibiting the TLR4-NF-\u03bab\/MAPKs-NLRP3 inflammatory cascade","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.06.004","article-title":"GABAergic signaling between enteric neurons and intestinal smooth muscle promotes innate immunity and gut defense in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.025","article-title":"Oral antimicrobial peptide-EGCG nanomedicines for synergistic treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2022-0123OC","article-title":"Neuromedin U induces pulmonary ILC2 activation via the NMUR1 pathway during acute Respiratory syncytial Virus infection","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S423333","article-title":"How Tongxie-Yaofang regulates intestinal synaptic plasticity by activating enteric glial cells and NGF\/TrkA pathway in diarrhea-predominant irritable Bowel Syndrome rats","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118260","article-title":"Early administration of Wumei Wan inhibit myeloid-derived suppressor cells via PI3K\/akt pathway and amino acids metabolism to prevent colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"333","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.12.012","article-title":"Increased demand for NAD(+) relative to ATP drives aerobic glycolysis","volume":"81","author":"Luengo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.606123","article-title":"EGCG enhanced the anti-tumor effect of doxorubicine in bladder cancer via NF-\u03bab\/MDM2\/p53 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7211","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c09067","article-title":"Thymol alleviates colitis by modulating intestinal barrier damage, gut microbiota, and amino acid metabolic pathways","volume":"73","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0059","article-title":"Superbug spreads in European hospitals as resistance to last resort antibiotics grows","volume":"366","author":"Mahase","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517739975","article-title":"Serotonin: a mediator of the gut-brain axis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Malinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050248","article-title":"The neuropeptide neuromedin U promotes inflammation by direct activation of mast cells","volume":"202","author":"Moriyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1028","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00066.2003","article-title":"Human ENS regulates the intestinal epithelial barrier permeability and a tight junction-associated protein ZO-1 via VIPergic pathways","volume":"285","author":"Neunlist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00385-2","article-title":"Disorders of the enteric nervous system - a holistic view","volume":"18","author":"Niesler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44090285","article-title":"Polyphenols and small phenolic acids as cellular metabolic regulators","volume":"44","author":"Obrenovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1369-y","article-title":"Sodium-coupled dicarboxylate and citrate transporters from the SLC13 family","volume":"466","author":"Pajor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pflugers. Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00828-5","article-title":"Commensal bacteria weaken the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 and hedgehog signaling","volume":"5","author":"Pontarollo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133061","article-title":"The intrinsic virtues of EGCG, an extremely good cell guardian, on prevention and treatment of diabesity complications","volume":"25","author":"Potenza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10416","article-title":"Changes in the composition of intestinal fungi and their role in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis","volume":"5","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1996.0157","article-title":"Effect of endotoxemia on intestinal villus microcirculation in rats","volume":"61","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121515","article-title":"Unexpected roles for the second brain: enteric nervous system as master regulator of bowel function","volume":"81","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050678","article-title":"Dysbiosis and Alzheimer's Disease: a role for chronic stress?","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.180120","article-title":"Tales from the crypt: intestinal niche signals in tissue renewal, plasticity and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Spit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0242-1","article-title":"New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Strati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114495","article-title":"Shouhui Tongbian capsules induce regression of inflammation to improve intestinal barrier in mice with constipation by targeted binding to Prkaa1: with no obvious toxicity","volume":"161","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. PharmacOther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.14","article-title":"AMPK improves gut epithelial differentiation and barrier function via regulating Cdx2 expression","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084238","article-title":"Neuromedin U, a key molecule in metabolic disorders","volume":"22","author":"Teranishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4017","article-title":"Complementation of mitochondrial electron transport chain by manipulation of the NAD+\/NADH ratio","volume":"352","author":"Titov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16816","article-title":"Serine metabolism during differentiation of human iPSC-derived astrocytes","volume":"290","author":"Tripodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05297-6","article-title":"Neuropeptide regulation of non-redundant ILC2 responses at barrier surfaces","volume":"611","author":"Tsou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0081","first-page":"10","article-title":"NADPH oxidases (NOX): an overview from discovery, molecular mechanisms to physiology and pathology","author":"Vermot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01165-z","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota shapes gut physiology and regulates enteric neurons and glia","volume":"9","author":"Vicentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00889-14","article-title":"Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data","volume":"5","author":"Vital","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101921-042929","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions in the intestine","volume":"42","author":"Wallrapp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24029","article-title":"The neuropeptide NMU amplifies ILC2-driven allergic lung inflammation","volume":"549","author":"Wallrapp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155908","article-title":"Gui Qi Zhuang Jin decoction ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia mice via AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1\/Nrf2 axis revealed by a metabolomics approach","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156123","article-title":"Arctigenin ameliorates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders by reshaping gut microbiota and modulating GPR\/HDAC3 and TLR4\/NF-\u03bab pathways","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0332-1","article-title":"Resveratrol-induced gut microbiota reduces obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2376-0","article-title":"The crosstalk between enteric nervous system and immune system in intestinal development, homeostasis and diseases","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61798-0","article-title":"Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done","volume":"375","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10665","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43528","article-title":"Rhein modulates host purine metabolism in intestine through gut microbiota and ameliorates experimental colitis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01257-8","article-title":"The sirtuin family in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01115-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03087","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum regulates intestinal physiology and enteric neurons in IBS through microbial tryptophan metabolites","volume":"72","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0095","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in treatment acute severe dermatitis in patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy: a phase I clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.012","article-title":"Green tea derivative (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) confers protection against ionizing radiation-induced intestinal epithelial cell death both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"161","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.02.002","article-title":"Interleukin-6 produced by enteric neurons regulates the number and phenotype of microbe-responsive regulatory T cells in the gut","volume":"54","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117864","article-title":"Cananga oil inhibits Salmonella infection by mediating the homeostasis of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle","volume":"325","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0099","first-page":"14","article-title":"Assessment of the impact of dietary supplementation with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on antioxidant status, immune response, and intestinal microbiota in post-weaning rabbits","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02414-5","article-title":"A metabolic switch in the TCA cycle: a regulator of intestinal stem cell fate during tissue regeneration","volume":"10","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0101","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins","volume":"16","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.02.034","article-title":"Sacral neural crest-independent origin of the enteric nervous system in mouse","volume":"166","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2002.02044","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) alleviates experimental colitis in mice by gut microbiota regulation","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1952368","article-title":"Sulforaphane protects intestinal epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced injury by activating the AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u0251 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02250-8","article-title":"NAD(+) improves cognitive function and reduces neuroinflammation by ameliorating mitochondrial damage and decreasing ROS production in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion models through Sirt1\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015337","article-title":"Arabinogalactan alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial barrier damage through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase\/silent information regulator 1\/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathways in caco-2 cells","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz058","article-title":"Disordered gut microbiota and alterations in metabolic patterns are associated with atrial fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gigascience"}],"container-title":["Phytomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711326003545?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944711326003545?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:05:41Z","timestamp":1790114741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944711326003545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["S0944711326003545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-7113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-7113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates diarrhea in piglets by suppressing the NMU-NMUR1-ILC2 axis and modulating microbiota-associated energy metabolism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Phytomedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.158119","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"158119"}}