{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:55:22Z","timestamp":1791028522800,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,11]],"date-time":"2006-08-11T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1155280138000},"page":"472-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The blood\u2013brain barrier as a regulatory interface in the gut\u2013brain axes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"William A.","family":"Banks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib1","unstructured":"Tarsus P. The first epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy. AD 60;65; 5:23"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.41.030179.000331","article-title":"Neural and hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal function: an overview","volume":"41","author":"Grossman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/262092a0","article-title":"Peptides in brain and intestine","volume":"262","author":"Pearse","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib4","first-page":"51","article-title":"Gut and brain-endocrine connections. The Goulstonian Lecture 1979","volume":"14","author":"Bloom","year":"1980","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Lond"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(81)90011-5","article-title":"The satiety effect of cholecystokinin: a progress report","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.42.9.1253","article-title":"Counterregulation during hypoglycemia is directed by widespread brain regions","volume":"42","author":"Frizzell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib7","first-page":"R1833","article-title":"Amylin potently activates AP neurons possibly via formation of the excitatory second messanger cGMP","volume":"281","author":"Riediger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(75)90190-2","article-title":"Radioautographic localization of radioactivity in rat brain after intracarotid injection of 125I-\u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone","volume":"3","author":"Pelletier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033455332","article-title":"Interactions of cytokines with blood\u2013brain barrier: Implications for feeding","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053381684","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier transport of cytokines: A mechanism for neuropathology","volume":"11","author":"Banks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033455350","article-title":"Is obesity a disease of the blood\u2013brain barrier? Physiological, pathological, and evolutionary considerations","volume":"9","author":"Banks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/77397","article-title":"Clearance of amyloid \u03b2-peptide from brain: transport or metabolism?","volume":"6","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02385.x","article-title":"Clearing amyloid through the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"89","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib14","series-title":"Models of neuropeptide action","first-page":"108","author":"Banks","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02189-7","article-title":"Brain endothelial cell production of a neuroprotective cytokine, interleukin-6, in response to noxious stimuli","volume":"851","author":"Reyes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90281-3","article-title":"Production of the cytokines interleukin 1 and 6 by murine brain microvessel endothelium and smooth muscle pericytes","volume":"47","author":"Fabry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00198-2","article-title":"HIV-tat protein induces the production of interleukin-8 by human brain-derived endothelial cells","volume":"94","author":"Hofman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2003.tb00648.x","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release by human brain microvascular endothelial cells stimulated by Streptococcus suis serotype 2","volume":"35","author":"Vadeboncoeur","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2716","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase activity is elevated in brain microvessels in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"205","author":"Dorheim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199712)21:4<370::AID-GLIA4>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Activated astrocytes induce nitric oxide synthase-2 in cerebral endothelium via tumor necrosis factor alpha","volume":"21","author":"Shafer","year":"1997","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200207020-00022","article-title":"Endothelin-1 production at the in-vitro blood\u2013brain barrier during HIV infection","volume":"13","author":"Didier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00172-3","article-title":"Release of prostaglandin E-2 in bovine brain endothelial cells after exposure to three unique forms of the antifungal drug amphotericin-B: role of COX-2 in amphotericin-B induced fever","volume":"72","author":"MCGuire","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Nakaoke, R., Dohgu, S., and Banks, W. A. Release of cytokines by brain endothelial cells: a polarized response to lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun in press;20. doi:10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.10.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.10.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(96)00025-3","article-title":"Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin","volume":"17","author":"Banks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib25","first-page":"E1158","article-title":"Partial saturation and regional variation in the blood to brain transport of leptin in normal weight mice","volume":"278","author":"Banks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.10.006","article-title":"Effects of leptin on memory processing","volume":"27","author":"Farr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00139-4","article-title":"Impaired transport of leptin across the blood\u2013brain barrier in obesity","volume":"20","author":"Banks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib28","first-page":"E10","article-title":"Impaired transport of leptin across the blood\u2013brain barrier in obesity is acquired and reversible","volume":"285","author":"Banks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03013-5","article-title":"Leptin transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier of the Koletsky rat is not mediated by a product of the leptin receptor gene","volume":"950","author":"Banks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib30","first-page":"R143","article-title":"Obesity-prone rats have normal blood\u2013brain barrier transport but defective central leptin signaling before obesity onset","volume":"286","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1210\/en.143.3.775","article-title":"Characterization of short isoforms of the leptin receptor in rat cerebral microvessels and of brain uptake of leptin in mouse models of obesity","volume":"143","author":"Hileman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.7.1219","article-title":"Obesity is associated with a decreased leptin transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier in rats","volume":"49","author":"Burguera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00156-4","article-title":"Decreased transport of leptin across the blood\u2013brain barrier in rats lacking the short form of the leptin receptor","volume":"20","author":"Kastin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119171","article-title":"Diet-induced obese mice develop peripheral, but not central, resistance to leptin","volume":"99","author":"van Heek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9842","article-title":"Two defects contribute to hypothalamic leptin resistance in mice with diet-induced obestiy","volume":"105","author":"El Haschimi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.16.8878","article-title":"Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice","volume":"94","author":"Halaas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02242-9","article-title":"Enhanced leptin transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier by \u03b11-adrenergic agents","volume":"899","author":"Banks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.5.1253","article-title":"Triglycerides induce leptin resistance at the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"53","author":"Banks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib39","unstructured":"Hansen BC, Saye J, and Wennogle LP. The metabolic Syndrome X: Convergence of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia- Searching for the underlying defects. Hansen, B. C., Saye, J., and Wennogle, L. P. [892], 1\u2013336. 1999. New York, NY, The New York Academy of Sciences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Ref Type: Serial (Book,Monograph)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033455323","article-title":"Insulin and the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"9","author":"Woods","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(98)00018-7","article-title":"Differential permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier to two pancreatic peptides: Insulin and amylin","volume":"19","author":"Banks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1525","article-title":"Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs","volume":"49","author":"Kaiyala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90053-Q","article-title":"Intraventricular insulin reduces food intake and body weight of marmots during the summer feeding period","volume":"49","author":"Florant","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib44","first-page":"607","article-title":"Effects of insulin administered into cerebrospinal fluid spaces on blood glucose in unanaesthetized and anaesthestized dogs","volume":"75","author":"Ajaya","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(84)90174-6","article-title":"Reduction of food intake and body weight by chronic intraventricular insulin infusion","volume":"12","author":"Brief","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(97)00238-6","article-title":"Effect of diabetes mellitus on the permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier to insulin","volume":"18","author":"Banks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb03027.x","article-title":"Selective alteration in blood\u2013brain barrier and insulin transport in iron-deficient rats","volume":"50","author":"Ben-Shachar","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib48","first-page":"R712","article-title":"Seasonal changes in CSF insulin levels in marmots: insulin may not be a satiety signal for fasting in winter","volume":"260","author":"Florant","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.45.1.86","article-title":"Insulin transport from plasma into the central nervous system is inhibited by dexamethasone in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Baura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03247-9","article-title":"Effect of LPS on the permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier to insulin","volume":"896","author":"Xaio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.10.3770","article-title":"Insulin resistance and substrate utilization in human endotoxemia","volume":"85","author":"Agwunobi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E386","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00087.2001","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a role in LPS-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance","volume":"282","author":"Sugita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52112.x","article-title":"Diverse effect of inflammatory markers on insulin resistance and insulin-resistance syndrome in the elderly","volume":"52","author":"Abbatecola","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1228-z","article-title":"Regulation of adipocytokines and insulin resistance","volume":"46","author":"Fasshauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021333","article-title":"Medical Progress: The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis","volume":"348","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib56","first-page":"617","article-title":"On the stimulation by insulin of tryptophan transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Cangiano","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3992.149","article-title":"Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels","volume":"173","author":"Fernstrom","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000054640","article-title":"Glucose and insulin increase the transport of leptin through the blood\u2013brain barrier in normal mice but not in streptozotocin-diabetic mice","volume":"73","author":"Kastin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1029","article-title":"Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-1077","article-title":"Adiponectin does not cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, but modifies cytokine expression of brain endothelial cells","volume":"55","author":"Spranger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938406002939?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938406002939?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T13:11:04Z","timestamp":1555765864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938406002939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031938406002939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}