{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1790413382464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T10:29:16Z","timestamp":1269599356000},"page":"478-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Hypothalamic mechanisms in cachexia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Grossberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrad M.","family":"Scarlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(91)50028-0","article-title":"The behavior of sick animals","volume":"21","author":"Hart","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80004-6","article-title":"Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals","volume":"12","author":"Hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70282-8","article-title":"The adaptive value of fever","volume":"10","author":"Kluger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib4","first-page":"38","article-title":"The evolution and adaptive value of fever","volume":"66","author":"Kluger","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.011","article-title":"Iron in innate immunity: starve the invaders","volume":"21","author":"Ganz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.3.593","article-title":"Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense","volume":"32","author":"Murray","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.24.3.257","article-title":"Diseases of the heart in the works of Hippokrates","volume":"24","author":"Katz","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.23.1763","article-title":"Biology of cachexia","volume":"89","author":"Tisdale","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79068-1","article-title":"Thwarting the dwindling progression of cachexia","volume":"351","author":"Larkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.1.152","article-title":"Body-composition changes in patients who gain weight while receiving megestrol acetate","volume":"11","author":"Loprinzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2001.0162","article-title":"Treatment with growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in critical illness","volume":"15","author":"Carroll","year":"2001","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(89)90353-2","article-title":"Effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on quality of life in preterminal cancer patients: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study. The Methylprednisolone Preterminal Cancer Study Group","volume":"25","author":"Della Cuna","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01540.x","article-title":"What is the role of the insulin-like growth factor system in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia, and how is it regulated?","volume":"56","author":"Crown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1046","article-title":"Ghrelin treatment of chronic kidney disease: improvements in lean body mass and cytokine profile","volume":"149","author":"Deboer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0016","article-title":"Ghrelin treatment causes increased food intake and retention of lean body mass in a rat model of cancer cachexia","volume":"148","author":"DeBoer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-5-594","article-title":"Effect on body weight and safety of RC-1291, a novel, orally available ghrelin mimetic and growth hormone secretagogue: results of a phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0142","article-title":"The regulation of feeding and metabolic rate and the prevention of murine cancer cachexia with a small-molecule melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist","volume":"146","author":"Markison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib18","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Role of the central melanocortin system in cachexia","volume":"61","author":"Marks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.8.8324","article-title":"Reversal of cancer anorexia by blockade of central melanocortin receptors in rats","volume":"142","author":"Wisse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: a new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(90)90061-W","article-title":"Signals involved in interleukin 1 synthesis and release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"2","author":"Cavaillon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13567.x","article-title":"Peripheral endotoxin induces hypothalamic immunoreactive interleukin-1 beta in the rat","volume":"109","author":"Hillhouse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00549-K","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced appearance of immunoreactive interleukin-1 beta in ramified microglia in rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study","volume":"65","author":"van Dam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09557.x","article-title":"Effects of peripheral administration of LPS on the expression of immunoreactive interleukin-1 alpha, beta, and receptor antagonist in rat brain","volume":"840","author":"van Dam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(81)90269-9","article-title":"Endotoxin-elicited fever and anorexia and elfazepam-stimulated feeding in sheep","volume":"27","author":"Baile","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib26","first-page":"387","article-title":"Gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial products induce differential cytokine profiles in the brain: analysis using an integrative molecular\u2013behavioral in vivo model","volume":"1","author":"Plata-Salam\u00e1n","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1446","article-title":"Cytokines and neurohormones relating to body composition alterations in the wasting syndrome of chronic heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Anker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007263230405","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure","volume":"323","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000165004.93707.88","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, cachexia and prognosis in patients with cancer","volume":"8","author":"Deans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.294","article-title":"The relationship between weight loss and interleukin 6 in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"73","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(96)00148-5","article-title":"Anorexia induced by chronic central administration of cytokines at estimated pathophysiological concentrations","volume":"60","author":"Plata-Salaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.11.7778","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor mediates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis response to inflammation","volume":"141","author":"Chesnokova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198403013100915","article-title":"Demonstration of circulating leukocytic pyrogen\/interleukin-1 during fever","volume":"310","author":"Bendtzen","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08323.x","article-title":"Sleep. A physiologic role for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha","volume":"856","author":"Krueger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.01.010","article-title":"Depressive disorders and immunity: 20years of progress and discovery","volume":"21","author":"Irwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib36","first-page":"R1394","article-title":"Anorexia induced by cytokine interactions at pathophysiological concentrations","volume":"270","author":"Sonti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199602290-00038","article-title":"Anorexia induced by activators of the signal transducer gp 130","volume":"7","author":"Plata-Salaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0203-87","article-title":"Signalling pathways that mediate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy","volume":"5","author":"Glass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0463","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines inhibit myogenic differentiation through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"15","author":"Langen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"IKKbeta\/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5488.2363","article-title":"NF-kappaB-induced loss of MyoD messenger RNA: possible role in muscle decay and cachexia","volume":"289","author":"Guttridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303103081002","article-title":"Stimulation of muscle protein degradation and prostaglandin E2 release by leukocytic pyrogen (interleukin-1). A mechanism for the increased degradation of muscle proteins during fever","volume":"308","author":"Baracos","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1250","article-title":"Combined interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 deficiency causes obesity in young mice","volume":"55","author":"Chida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1304","article-title":"Mature-onset obesity in interleukin-1 receptor I knockout mice","volume":"55","author":"Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3503","article-title":"Decreased fat mass in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice: impact on adipogenesis, food intake, and energy expenditure","volume":"54","author":"Somm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0102-75","article-title":"Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity","volume":"8","author":"Wallenius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80001-6","article-title":"Immunoregulators in the nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Plata-Salaman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770918","article-title":"Hypothalamic and pituitary leukemia inhibitory factor gene expression in vivo: a novel endotoxin-inducible neuro-endocrine interface","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.6.1177","article-title":"The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor and treatment of the septic shock syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Dinarello","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00203-8","article-title":"Cytokine\u2013cytokine interactions and the brain","volume":"51","author":"Turrin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1135","article-title":"Arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin neurons mediate the acute anorectic actions of leukemia inhibitory factor via gp130","volume":"151","author":"Grossberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0394","article-title":"Evidence that lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia depends upon central, rather than peripheral, inflammatory signals","volume":"148","author":"Wisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib53","first-page":"831","article-title":"Experimental hypothalamic hyperphagia in the albino rat","volume":"15","author":"Broback","year":"1943","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090780203","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat","volume":"78","author":"Hotheriogtoa","year":"1940","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0730309.x","article-title":"Effects of systemic immunogenic insults and circulating proinflammatory cytokines on the transcription of the inhibitory factor kappaB alpha within specific cellular populations of the rat brain","volume":"73","author":"Laflamme","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0582","article-title":"Expression of interleukin 1 alpha and beta, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mRNA in the rat central nervous system after peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharides","volume":"12","author":"Eriksson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00280-7","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced anorexia during refeeding following acute fasting: characterization of brain cytokine and neuropeptide systems mRNAs","volume":"795","author":"Gayle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R93","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R93","article-title":"Endogenous brain IL-1 mediates the response to peripheral LPS","volume":"279","author":"Laye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Phys Reg Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(95)00015-9","article-title":"Modulation of interleukin-1 receptors in the neuro-endocrine-immune axis","volume":"13","author":"Takao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903610410","article-title":"Type 1 interleukin-1 receptor in the rat brain: distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL-1-induced cellular activation","volume":"361","author":"Ericsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00225-0","article-title":"Effects of circulating tumor necrosis factor on the neuronal activity and expression of the genes encoding the tumor necrosis factor receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain: a view from the blood-brain barrier","volume":"93","author":"Nadeau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(01)00208-X","article-title":"Differential expression of various cytokine receptors in the brain after stimulation with LPS in young and old mice","volume":"37","author":"Utsuyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00097-5","article-title":"Localization of mRNA for leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in the adult rat brain","volume":"70","author":"Yamakuni","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90158-8","article-title":"Differential induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in hypothalamus and brain stem nuclei following central and peripheral administration of endotoxin","volume":"32","author":"Wan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981019)400:2<175::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Temporal and spatial patterns of c-fos mRNA induced by intravenous interleukin-1: a cascade of non-neuronal cellular activation at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"400","author":"Herkenham","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960715)371:1<85::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Distribution of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain following intravenous lipopolysaccharide administration","volume":"371","author":"Elmquist","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81084-3","article-title":"From lesions to leptin: hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight","volume":"22","author":"Elmquist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1455","article-title":"Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system","volume":"8","author":"Cone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.15043","article-title":"The neuropeptide Y\/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice","volume":"95","author":"Broberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2000.1588","article-title":"CNS melanocortin system involvement in the regulation of food intake","volume":"37","author":"Benoit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2000.00477.x","article-title":"Melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA expression in pro-opiomelanocortin neurones of the rat arcuate nucleus","volume":"12","author":"Jegou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib72","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain","volume":"8","author":"Mountjoy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00151-7","article-title":"Postnatal expression of melanocortin-3 receptor in rat diencephalon and mesencephalon","volume":"36","author":"Xia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.135","article-title":"Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein","volume":"278","author":"Ollmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.02.002","article-title":"Role of central melanocortin pathways in energy homeostasis","volume":"20","author":"Garfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/385165a0","article-title":"Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome","volume":"385","author":"Fan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R47","article-title":"Long-term orexigenic effects of AgRP-(83\u2013132) involve mechanisms other than melanocortin receptor blockade","volume":"279","author":"Hagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1378","article-title":"Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis","volume":"280","author":"Woods","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.14.5027-5035.2002","article-title":"Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22521","article-title":"Role of leptin and melanocortin signaling in uremia-associated cachexia","volume":"115","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221099","article-title":"Differential role of melanocortin receptor subtypes in cachexia","volume":"144","author":"Marks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-0916","article-title":"Central role of the melanocortin-4 receptors in appetite regulation after endotoxin","volume":"86","author":"Sartin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(98)01395-1","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y: a key molecule in anorexia and cachexia in wasting disorders?","volume":"5","author":"Inui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Med Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90229-1","article-title":"Megestrol acetate stimulates food and water intake in the rat: effects on regional hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations","volume":"265","author":"McCarthy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(96)00108-8","article-title":"Assessment of feeding response of tumor-bearing rats to hypothalamic injection and infusion of neuropeptide Y","volume":"17","author":"Chance","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-77-18766","article-title":"Localization of a \u201cfeeding center\u201d in the hypothalamus of the rat","volume":"77","author":"ANAND","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090780203","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat","volume":"78","author":"Hetherington","year":"1940","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01221857","article-title":"Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice","volume":"9","author":"Coleman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90151-5","article-title":"Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R","volume":"83","author":"Tartaglia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4489","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.10.5570","article-title":"Proopiomelanocortin neurons are direct targets for leptin in the hypothalamus","volume":"138","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1996.05161.x","article-title":"Coexpression of leptin receptor and preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in arcuate nucleus of mouse hypothalamus","volume":"8","author":"Mercer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)80035-0","article-title":"Leptin differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons projecting to the lateral hypothalamic area","volume":"22","author":"Elias","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0596-589","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0584","article-title":"Brain\u2013Endocrine Interactions: A Microvascular Route in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus","volume":"150","author":"Ciofi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234S","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.315","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier and energy balance","volume":"14","author":"Banks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90933-4","article-title":"Penetration of interleukin-6 across the murine blood-brain barrier","volume":"179","author":"Banks","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20576-6","article-title":"Human interleukin (IL) 1 alpha, murine IL-1 alpha and murine IL-1 beta are transported from blood to brain in the mouse by a shared saturable mechanism","volume":"259","author":"Banks","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90027-V","article-title":"Murine tumor necrosis factor alpha is transported from blood to brain in the mouse","volume":"47","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1436","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00489.2007","article-title":"Neuroinflammation facilitates LIF entry into brain: role of TNF","volume":"294","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R862","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00200.2002","article-title":"A role for cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced anorexia in rats","volume":"283","author":"Lugarini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252308001448","article-title":"Sickness behavior, its mechanisms and significance","volume":"9","author":"Tizard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1137","article-title":"Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is the central switch during immune-induced pyresis","volume":"6","author":"Engblom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00306.2005","article-title":"Involvement of central microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in IL-1beta-induced anorexia","volume":"25","author":"Pecchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7220","article-title":"Identification of human prostaglandin E synthase: a microsomal, glutathione-dependent, inducible enzyme, constituting a potential novel drug target","volume":"96","author":"Jakobsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32783","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003505200","article-title":"Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by inducible membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase that acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"275","author":"Murakami","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02669.2001","article-title":"Coexpression of microsomal-type prostaglandin E synthase with cyclooxygenase-2 in brain endothelial cells of rats during endotoxin-induced fever","volume":"21","author":"Yamagata","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.05.003","article-title":"c-Fos immunoreactivity induced by intraperitoneal LPS administration is reduced in the brain of mice lacking the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)","volume":"21","author":"Dallaporta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.012","article-title":"mPGES-1 knock-out mice are resistant to cancer-induced anorexia despite the absence of central mPGES-1 up-regulation in wild-type anorexic mice","volume":"199","author":"Pecchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.11.032","article-title":"Dual roles for perivascular macrophages in immune-to-brain signaling","volume":"65","author":"Serrats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12970","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2373-09.2009","article-title":"Cerebrovascular cyclooxygenase-1 expression, regulation, and role in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation by inflammatory stimuli","volume":"29","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bueno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10476","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3357-07.2007","article-title":"Endothelial-specific knockdown of interleukin-1 (IL-1) type 1 receptor differentially alters CNS responses to IL-1 depending on its route of administration","volume":"27","author":"Ching","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02247.1998","article-title":"Vagotomy blocks the induction of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) mRNA in the brain of rats in response to systemic IL-1beta","volume":"18","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib114","first-page":"R1327","article-title":"Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks induction of IL-1 beta mRNA in mice brain in response to peripheral LPS","volume":"268","author":"Lay\u00e9","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816X.2000.01319.x","article-title":"The vagus nerve mediates behavioural depression, but not fever, in response to peripheral immune signals; a functional anatomical analysis","volume":"12","author":"Konsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00231-9","article-title":"Vagotomy attenuates the behavioural but not the pyrogenic effects of interleukin-1 in rats","volume":"85","author":"Luheshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci Basic Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1995.1023","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1 depress food-motivated behavior in mice by a vagal-mediated mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Bret-Dibat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib118","first-page":"R384","article-title":"Vagal and splanchnic afferents are not necessary for the anorexia produced by peripheral IL-1beta, LPS, and MDP","volume":"275","author":"Porter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00897.1994","article-title":"A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons","volume":"14","author":"Ericsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(82)90010-8","article-title":"The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the rat","volume":"257","author":"Sawchenko","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00088-2","article-title":"Effect of LPS administration on the expression of POMC, NPY, galanin, CART and MCH mRNAs in the rat hypothalamus","volume":"90","author":"Sergeyev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.11.022","article-title":"Involvement of stomach ghrelin and hypothalamic neuropeptides in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced hypophagia in mice","volume":"140","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.740457.x","article-title":"\u201cInflammatory\u201d cytokines: neuromodulators in normal brain?","volume":"74","author":"Vitkovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1591(88)90040-2","article-title":"Immunoregulation of cells within the central nervous system","volume":"2","author":"Giulian","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(91)90139-O","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-1 beta mRNA in adult rat brain","volume":"9","author":"Higgins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib126","first-page":"107","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of multiple cytokine receptor mRNAs by RNase protection assay in LPS-induced endotoxemia","volume":"13","author":"Stalder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lymphokine Cytokine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000134373.16557.92","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta system in anorectic catabolic tumor-bearing rats","volume":"7","author":"Turrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib128","first-page":"77","article-title":"Interleukin-1 gene (IL1) assigned to long arm of human chromosome 2","volume":"5","author":"Webb","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lymphokine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560040102","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme: a novel cysteine protease required for IL-1 beta production and implicated in programmed cell death","volume":"4","author":"Thornberry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11008","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11008","article-title":"Functions of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in gene knockout and overproducing mice","volume":"93","author":"Hirsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(06)74009-2","article-title":"The interleukin-1 receptor family","volume":"74","author":"Boraschi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903610410","article-title":"Type 1 interleukin-1 receptor in the rat brain: distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL-1-induced cellular activation","volume":"361","author":"Ericsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00022-X","article-title":"Expression and regulation of interleukin-1 receptors in the brain. Role in cytokines-induced sickness behavior","volume":"125","author":"Parnet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00437-1","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta system (ligand, receptor type I, receptor accessory protein and receptor antagonist), TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 and neuropeptide Y mRNAs in specific brain regions during bacterial LPS-induced anorexia","volume":"45","author":"Ilyin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00159-7","article-title":"Central nervous system IL-1 beta system and neuropeptide Y mRNAs during IL-1 beta-induced anorexia in rats","volume":"44","author":"Gayle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1991.71.1.93","article-title":"Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens","volume":"71","author":"Kluger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(88)90010-X","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-1 and arachidonate on the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic neurons","volume":"20","author":"Hori","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02707-X","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the febrile response of mice to interleukin-1beta","volume":"910","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-5-1773","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropin release induced by intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant human interleukin-1 in rats: possible involvement of prostaglandin","volume":"122","author":"Katsuura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.2000.0613","article-title":"Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: where do we stand?","volume":"15","author":"Dantzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.19.9117","article-title":"Different receptor mechanisms mediate the pyrogenic and behavioral effects of interleukin 1","volume":"89","author":"Kent","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90547-4","article-title":"Central administration of ibuprofen failed to block the anorexia induced by interleukin-1","volume":"195","author":"Shimizu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90536-X","article-title":"Both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor partially restore the anorexia by interleukin-1 beta","volume":"51","author":"Shimomura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-12-05091.2002","article-title":"Involvement of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in interleukin-1-induced anorexia","volume":"22","author":"Reyes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0017","article-title":"Regulation of central melanocortin signaling by interleukin-1 beta","volume":"148","author":"Scarlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1680","article-title":"Regulation of agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and peptide secretion by acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"149","author":"Scarlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.11.6324","article-title":"Hyperphagia and weight gain after gold-thio-glucose: relation to hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin","volume":"139","author":"Bergen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.15043","article-title":"The neuropeptide Y\/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice","volume":"95","author":"Broberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib149","first-page":"R1142","article-title":"Chronic central nervous system exposure to interleukin-1 beta causes catabolism in the rat","volume":"271","author":"Hill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02742.x","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a murine myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)","volume":"6","author":"Gearing","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5495","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.10.5495","article-title":"Molecular basis of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the murine leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha-chain. Expression in normal, gestating, and leukemia inhibitory factor nullizygous mice","volume":"271","author":"Owczarek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.62.1318","article-title":"Asparagine-linked glycosylation of the rat leukemia inhibitory factor expressed by simian COS7 cells","volume":"62","author":"Aikawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022219","article-title":"Functions of the N-glycans of rat leukemia inhibitory factor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"124","author":"Sasai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib154","first-page":"313","article-title":"Leukemia-inhibitory factor-neuroimmune modulator of endocrine function","volume":"21","author":"Auernhammer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.797","article-title":"Gp130 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Taga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030407","article-title":"Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation","volume":"374","author":"Heinrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30453","article-title":"gp130 receptor ligands as potential therapeutic targets for obesity","volume":"117","author":"Febbraio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.06.010","article-title":"Enhanced leptin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in POMC-expressing cells","volume":"4","author":"Kievit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01388","article-title":"STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction","volume":"421","author":"Bates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10707","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600425103","article-title":"gp130 signaling in proopiomelanocortin neurons mediates the acute anorectic response to centrally applied ciliary neurotrophic factor","volume":"103","author":"Janoschek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1376","article-title":"Differential modulation of energy balance by leptin, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and leukemia inhibitory factor gene delivery: microarray deoxyribonucleic acid-chip analysis of gene expression","volume":"145","author":"Prima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1097","article-title":"Leptin but not ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces phosphotyrosine phosphatase-1B expression in human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y): putative explanation of CNTF efficacy in leptin-resistant state","volume":"150","author":"Benomar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib163","series-title":"5th Cachexia Conference, Barcelona, Spain","article-title":"Key phosphatase in cancer-induced anorexia","author":"Ropelle","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib164","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Measurement of leukemia inhibitory factor in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay","volume":"83","author":"Ren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1997.0264","article-title":"Increased levels of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in urine and tissue culture supernatant from human primary bone tumours","volume":"10","author":"Gouin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2400570","article-title":"Concentrations of serum leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Lorgeot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.1.232","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of human interleukin for DA1.a cells\/leukemia inhibitory factor in sepsis correlate with shock and poor prognosis","volume":"171","author":"Villers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199610)18:2<141::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta increases leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA levels through transient stimulation of transcription rate","volume":"18","author":"Carlson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00280-7","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced anorexia during refeeding following acute fasting: characterization of brain cytokine and neuropeptide systems mRNAs","volume":"795","author":"Gayle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.15.5948","article-title":"Fatal syndrome in mice engrafted with cells producing high levels of the leukemia inhibitory factor","volume":"86","author":"Metcalf","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(02)00021-9","article-title":"Central LIF gene therapy suppresses food intake, body weight, serum leptin and insulin for extended periods","volume":"23","author":"Beretta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib172","first-page":"6656","article-title":"Cancer cachexia syndrome developed in nude mice bearing melanoma cells producing leukemia-inhibitory factor","volume":"51","author":"Mori","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09560.x","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates proopiomelanocortin transcription","volume":"840","author":"Ray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118615","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) stimulates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in a corticotroph cell line. Role of STAT pathway","volume":"97","author":"Ray","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00185-X","article-title":"Insulin resistance in chronic heart failure: relation to severity and etiology of heart failure","volume":"30","author":"Swan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.093","article-title":"Impaired insulin sensitivity as an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with stable chronic heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Doehner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06098","article-title":"Glucose sensing by POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and is impaired in obesity","volume":"449","author":"Parton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.12.004","article-title":"The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity","volume":"1","author":"Coppari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02440","article-title":"AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus","volume":"428","author":"Minokoshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31743","article-title":"The central melanocortin system directly controls peripheral lipid metabolism","volume":"117","author":"Nogueiras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1072","article-title":"Enhanced leptin sensitivity and attenuation of diet-induced obesity in mice with haploinsufficiency of Socs3","volume":"10","author":"Howard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)00066-J","article-title":"The monocyte-T-lymphocyte hypothesis of major depression","volume":"20","author":"Maes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.10.2143","article-title":"Early depressive symptoms in cancer patients receiving interleukin 2 and\/or interferon alfa-2b therapy","volume":"18","author":"Capuron","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9114-5","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric disorders related to interferon and interleukins treatment","volume":"24","author":"Myint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-37970-8_12","article-title":"Anhedonic and anxiogenic effects of cytokine exposure","volume":"461","author":"Anisman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01415-2","article-title":"Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats","volume":"711","author":"Yirmiya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00930-O","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape produced by inescapable shock","volume":"695","author":"Maier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04038.x","article-title":"Blockade of melanocortin transmission inhibits cocaine reward","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2001.0913","article-title":"Chronic infusion of a melanocortin receptor agonist modulates dopamine receptor binding in the rat brain","volume":"45","author":"Lindblom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200107200-00022","article-title":"The MC4 receptor mediates alpha-MSH induced release of nucleus accumbens dopamine","volume":"12","author":"Lindblom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19833.x","article-title":"Distribution of melanocortin receptors in the lower brainstem of the rat","volume":"739","author":"Tatro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.09.024","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects of melanocortin receptor ligands on neuronal activities of monoaminergic neurons in rats","volume":"353","author":"Kawashima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.118.4.649","article-title":"Effects of bacterial endotoxin on water intake, food intake and body temperature in the albino rat","volume":"118","author":"Holmes","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib194","first-page":"R125","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces fever and depresses locomotor activity in unrestrained mice","volume":"266","author":"Kozak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.01.007","article-title":"Activation of Stat3 signaling in AgRP neurons promotes locomotor activity","volume":"7","author":"Mesaros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.05.003","article-title":"Leptin-dependent control of glucose balance and locomotor activity by POMC neurons","volume":"9","author":"Huo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2174\/156652408786733658","article-title":"Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Dandona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib198","first-page":"436","article-title":"Ovarian function and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"26","author":"Shabanova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080558","article-title":"Gonadal hormones in men with rheumatoid arthritis\u2014from onset through 2years","volume":"36","author":"Tengstrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000148195","article-title":"Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the reproductive axis of prepubertal and peripubertal female rats. Ontogenic changes in the immune-neuroendocrine interactions","volume":"15","author":"Reynoso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-4-2145","article-title":"Interleukin-1 inhibits the ovarian steroid-induced luteinizing hormone surge and release of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in rats","volume":"126","author":"Kalra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00159-X","article-title":"Melanocortins and reproduction","volume":"38","author":"Schi\u00f6th","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0604","article-title":"Melanocortins may stimulate reproduction by activating orexin neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and kisspeptin neurons in the preoptic area of the ewe","volume":"150","author":"Backholer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938410001277?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938410001277?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T13:33:15Z","timestamp":1739971995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938410001277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031938410001277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.03.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}