{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:24:18Z","timestamp":1790259858690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T22:47:34Z","timestamp":1495493254000},"page":"67-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u201cSex differences in a real academic stressor, cognitive appraisal and the cortisol response\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0412-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Helbig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Backhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0005","first-page":"34","article-title":"Stress disorders and gender: implications for theory and research Les troubles de stress et l'appartenance sexuelle: les implications en mati\u00e8re de th\u00e9orie et de recherche","volume":"35","author":"Carter-Snell","year":"2003","journal-title":"CJNR (Canadian Journal of Nursing Research)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.5.405","article-title":"Sex differences in the prevalence and detection of depressive and anxiety disorders in general health care settings: report from the World Health Organization Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care","volume":"55","author":"Gater","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540040037030","article-title":"Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder","volume":"276","author":"Weissman","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328302000601","article-title":"Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol","volume":"20","author":"Vining","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30078-1","article-title":"Physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in health and dysregulation in psychiatric and autoimmune disorders","volume":"23","author":"Tsigos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462003000400010","article-title":"Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis","volume":"25","author":"Mello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005","article-title":"Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: focus on the Trier Social Stress Test","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The \u2018Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2013a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.09.009","article-title":"Biological sex and menstrual cycle phase modulation of cortisol levels and psychiatric symptoms in a non-clinical sample of young adults","volume":"197","author":"Walder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.03.013","article-title":"Acute pre-learning stress and declarative memory: impact of sex, cortisol response and menstrual cycle phase","volume":"63","author":"Espin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00006","article-title":"Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"61","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.09.002","article-title":"Implications of psychosocial stress on memory formation in a typical male versus female student sample","volume":"36","author":"Cornelisse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.904","article-title":"Sex differences in cortisol excretion during anticipation of a psychological stressor: possible support for the tend\u2013and\u2013befriend hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Ennis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stress. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197806000-00006","article-title":"Sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress","volume":"40","author":"Frankenhaeuser","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"1.5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0075","first-page":"15","article-title":"Differences between male and female students in cardiovascular and endocrine responses to examination stress","volume":"21","author":"Khaksari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0080","series-title":"Effect of Examination Stress on Mood, Performance and Cortisol Levels in Medical Students","author":"Singh","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(97)00040-1","article-title":"Psychological and physiological responses during an exam and their relation to personality characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Spangler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701453943","article-title":"Neuroendocrine stress responses to an oral academic examination: no strong influence of sex, repeated participation and personality traits: research report","volume":"11","author":"Schoofs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2014.989206","article-title":"Examination of cortisol and state anxiety at an academic setting with and without oral presentation","volume":"18","author":"Merz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0100","series-title":"Der Konsum Von Alkohol, Tabak Und Illegalen Drogen: Aktuelle Verbreitung Und Trends","author":"F\u00fcr Gesundheitliche Aufkl\u00e4rung, B., Bundeszentrale F\u00fcr Gesundheitliche Aufkl\u00e4rung","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2007.02.003","article-title":"Sex differences in emotional and physiological responses to the Trier Social Stress Test","volume":"39","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00146-4","article-title":"HPA axis responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in healthy elderly adults, younger adults, and children: impact of age and gender","volume":"29","author":"Kudielka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.10.012","article-title":"Sex differences in response to a panicogenic challenge procedure: an experimental evaluation of panic vulnerability in a non-clinical sample","volume":"44","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114640","article-title":"Coping with an acute psychosocial challenge: behavioral and physiological responses in young women","volume":"9","author":"Villada","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.05.012","article-title":"The physiological response to Trier Social Stress Test relates to subjective measures of stress during but not before or after the test","volume":"37","author":"Hellhammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.02.001","article-title":"Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal","volume":"30","author":"Gaab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0135","series-title":"Psychological Stress and the Coping Process","author":"Lazarus","year":"1966"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00069-0","article-title":"Randomized controlled evaluation of the effects of cognitive\u2013behavioral stress management on cortisol responses to acute stress in healthy subjects","volume":"28","author":"Gaab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.08.007","article-title":"Persistent effects of cognitive-behavioral stress management on cortisol responses to acute stress in healthy subjects\u2014a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Hammerfald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016909","article-title":"Cognitive appraisals and emotions predict cortisol and immune responses: a meta-analysis of acute laboratory social stressors and emotion inductions","volume":"135","author":"Denson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443.34.2.121","article-title":"Mind over matter: psychobiological effects of exposure therapy in arachnophobia","volume":"34","author":"Gaab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Psychologie Und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.05.003","article-title":"Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety","volume":"29","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0165","series-title":"Der Pruefungsangstfragebogen (PAF) Manual","author":"Hodapp","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0170","series-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1970"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/1061580031000095416","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal confirmatory factor models for the German Test Anxiety Inventory: a construct validation","volume":"16","author":"Keith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-33-1-14","article-title":"Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects","volume":"33","author":"Weitzman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0185","first-page":"175","article-title":"The robustness of parametric statistical methods","volume":"46","author":"Rasch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00108-7","article-title":"Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change","volume":"28","author":"Pruessner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.08.009","article-title":"Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day","volume":"29","author":"Kudielka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The 'Trier Social Stress Test' - a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00006","article-title":"Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"61","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)00078-O","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for reduced cortisol responsivity to psychological stress in women using oral contraceptive medication","volume":"20","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890903277579","article-title":"The stressed student: influence of written examinations and oral presentations on salivary cortisol concentrations in university students","volume":"13","author":"Preuss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/1061580021000056555","article-title":"Students' emotions, physiological reactions, and coping in academic exams","volume":"15","author":"Spangler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0225","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.3.411","article-title":"Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight","volume":"107","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600001499","article-title":"Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence","volume":"12","author":"Mestre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167294204009","article-title":"Gender differences in coping with stress: when stressor and appraisals do not differ","volume":"20","author":"Ptacek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.10.012","article-title":"Sex hormones adjust \u201csex-specific\u201d reactive and diurnal cortisol profiles","volume":"63","author":"Juster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0250","series-title":"Sex, Gender and Society","author":"Oakley","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00845289","article-title":"Sex differences in complaints and diagnoses","volume":"3","author":"Verbrugge","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03462.x","article-title":"Gender and symptom sensitivity: report on a Philippine study","volume":"55","author":"Lieban","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0265","first-page":"417","article-title":"Sex differentials in health","volume":"97","author":"Verbrugge","year":"1982","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.01.010","article-title":"Gender differences in stress and coping styles","volume":"37","author":"Matud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."}],"container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938417301543?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938417301543?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T03:38:49Z","timestamp":1575949129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938417301543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0031938417301543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cSex differences in a real academic stressor, cognitive appraisal and the cortisol response\u201d","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}