{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:59:46Z","timestamp":1791237586290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011781","name":"Shriners Hospitals for Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015200","name":"Hawaii Medical Service Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T12:54:17Z","timestamp":1517835257000},"page":"205-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Ryan W.Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaye","family":"Arakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7466-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alika K.","family":"Maunakea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Lum-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0005","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"2","author":"Kanner","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nervous Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0010","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"Association D-AP","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1352\/2009.114:23-41","article-title":"Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism","volume":"114","author":"Howlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Int. Develop. Disabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-013-0390-x","article-title":"A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Ghanizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0025","first-page":"389","article-title":"Pharmacological therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a review","volume":"40","author":"LeClerc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacy Therapeut."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0030","article-title":"Gluten-and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder","author":"Millward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005563926383","article-title":"Metabolic approaches to the treatment of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"30","author":"Page","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0040","unstructured":"Wilder R. The effects of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy. Paper presented at: Mayo Clin Proc1921."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.11.1433","article-title":"A multicenter study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet","volume":"55","author":"Vining","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00059","article-title":"The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological disorders","volume":"3","author":"Stafstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738030180020501","article-title":"Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Evangeliou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0060","first-page":"557","article-title":"Modified Atkins diet brought back the joy of life to a developmentally severely disabled youth","volume":"126","author":"Arvio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Duodecim"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813488668","article-title":"Autism and dietary therapy: case report and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Herbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00858","article-title":"Evidence for treatable inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of 187 Greek patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"7","author":"Spilioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study","author":"El-Rashidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065021","article-title":"Ketogenic diet improves core symptoms of autism in BTBR mice","volume":"8","author":"Ruskin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.10.023","article-title":"Ketogenic diets improve behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder in a sex-specific manner in the EL mouse","volume":"168","author":"Ruskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171643","article-title":"Ketogenic diet improves behaviors in a maternal immune activation model of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Ruskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1133029","article-title":"The effect of ketogenic diet in an animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid","volume":"20","author":"Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.136","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rossignol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003815","article-title":"Mitochondrial disease in autism spectrum disorder patients: a cohort analysis","volume":"3","author":"Weissman","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0110","series-title":"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: ADOS-2","author":"Lord","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0115","series-title":"The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, (CARS2)","author":"Schopler","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0120","series-title":"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u20132nd Edition (ADOS-2)","author":"Lord","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0591-5","article-title":"Abnormal transmethylation\/transsulfuration metabolism and DNA hypomethylation among parents of children with autism","volume":"38","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.08.003","article-title":"Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome","volume":"25","author":"Ashwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.04.002","article-title":"Alterations in lipid profile of autistic boys: a case control study","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.045","article-title":"Emerging role of high density lipoproteins as a player in the immune system","volume":"220","author":"Norata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu150","article-title":"HDL in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"103","author":"Catapano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.09.009","article-title":"Levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with biomarkers of inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pacheco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890500358343","article-title":"Lowered levels of serum albumin and HDL-cholesterol in children with a recent mild infection","volume":"38","author":"Aburawi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006037","article-title":"Increased serum albumin, \u03b3 globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism","volume":"32","author":"Croonenberghs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1205707","article-title":"The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research","volume":"80","author":"Ashwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite [beta]-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3049","article-title":"The immunology of asthma","volume":"16","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.04.009","article-title":"Is a subtype of autism an allergy of the brain?","volume":"35","author":"Theoharides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20315","article-title":"Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism","volume":"57","author":"Vargas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6748","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.197","article-title":"Elevated maternal C-reactive protein and autism in a national birth cohort","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.33","article-title":"Reversal of autism-like behaviors and metabolism in adult mice with single-dose antipurinergic therapy","volume":"4","author":"Naviaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.09.048","article-title":"Toward an immune-mediated subtype of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"1617","author":"McDougle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0210","series-title":"Mechanisms of Ketogenic Diet Action","author":"Masino","year":"2012"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13038","article-title":"Ketogenic diet exhibits anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"56","author":"Dupuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008349","article-title":"Reduced pain and inflammation in juvenile and adult rats fed a ketogenic diet","volume":"4","author":"Ruskin","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-37","article-title":"Traditional and non-traditional treatments for autism spectrum disorder with seizures: an on-line survey","volume":"11","author":"Frye","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.09.002","article-title":"Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites","volume":"25","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.007","article-title":"The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease","volume":"46","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0099-3","article-title":"Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"7","author":"Newell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00654","article-title":"Tissue specific impacts of a ketogenic diet on mitochondrial dynamics in the BTBR(T+tf\/j) mouse","volume":"7","author":"Newell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","article-title":"Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"155","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1878C","article-title":"Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report","volume":"125","author":"Buie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938418300507?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938418300507?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T18:04:02Z","timestamp":1758477842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938418300507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0031938418300507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}