{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:21:06Z","timestamp":1791890466509,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T17:31:39Z","timestamp":1612632699000},"page":"113352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of saffron (Crocus Sativus Linn) supplementation and resistance training on markers implicated in depression and happiness levels in untrained young males"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Babak Hooshmand","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Roozbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damoon","family":"Ashtary-Larky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Ali","family":"Gaeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dutheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexei","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04180-z","article-title":"Effects of upper-body, lower-body, or combined resistance training on the ratio of follistatin and myostatin in middle-aged men","volume":"119","author":"Bagheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of whole egg vs. egg white ingestion during 12 weeks of resistance training on skeletal muscle regulatory markers in resistance-trained men","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110869","article-title":"The effects of concurrent training order on body composition and serum concentrations of follistatin, myostatin and GDF11 in sarcopenic elderly men","volume":"133","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.30.4.392","article-title":"The anxiolytic effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose\u2013response analysis","volume":"30","author":"Wipfli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sport Exercise Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01490.x","article-title":"Effect of resistance training on body composition, self-efficacy, depression, and activity in postpartum women","volume":"24","author":"LeCheminant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.55.5.748","article-title":"Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression","volume":"55","author":"Doyne","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.13005\/bbra\/2562","article-title":"The effect of eight weeks of aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training on some factor of endocannabinoid system, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF in young men","volume":"14","author":"Hamedinia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0572","article-title":"Association of efficacy of resistance exercise training with depressive symptoms: meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"75","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2434","article-title":"Saffron (Crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action","volume":"29","author":"Lopresti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.035","article-title":"Crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial","volume":"174","author":"Talaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3736\/jintegrmed2013056","article-title":"Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Hausenblas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2018.10.004","article-title":"Effect of Crocus Sativus Linnaeus (saffron) supplementations combined with circuit resistance training on total creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase MB levels in young untrained men","volume":"34","author":"Ghanbari-Niaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000113","article-title":"Preventive effects of 10-day supplementation with saffron and indomethacin on the delayed-onset muscle soreness","volume":"25","author":"Meamarbashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of green tea extract supplementation and endurance training on irisin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and adiponectin concentrations in overweight middle-aged men","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.04.001","article-title":"Accuracy of direct segmental multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in the assessment of total body and segmental body composition in middle-aged adult population","volume":"30","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2006.34.2.139","article-title":"Measuring happiness with a single-item scale","volume":"34","author":"Abdel-Khalek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Behavior Personality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9904-3","article-title":"Effect of traditional resistance and power training using rated perceived exertion for enhancement of muscle strength, power, and functional performance","volume":"38","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0018","series-title":"NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments","author":"Miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0019","series-title":"NSCA's Essentials of Training Special Populations","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002770","article-title":"A single injection of vitamin D 3 improves insulin sensitivity and \u03b2-cell function but not muscle damage or the inflammatory and cardiovascular responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise in vitamin d-deficient resistance-trained males","volume":"123","author":"Ashtary-Larky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14176","article-title":"Does green tea extract enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on fat loss?","volume":"86","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.12.006","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"116","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2016.1272522","article-title":"A review on medicinal properties of saffron toward major diseases","volume":"23","author":"Razak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Herbs Spices Med Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.11.004","article-title":"Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial","volume":"97","author":"Noorbala","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-009-0360-6","article-title":"Antidepressant properties of bioactive fractions from the extract of Crocus sativus L","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0026","first-page":"367","article-title":"Antidepressant effect of kempferol, a constituent of saffron (Crocus sativus) petal, in mice and rat","volume":"2","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study of antidepressant effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of crocus sativus in mice","volume":"4","author":"Karimi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0028","first-page":"48","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of Crocus sativus stigma extracts and its constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice","volume":"3","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Medicinal Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0029","first-page":"287","article-title":"Clinical applications of saffron (Crocus sativus) and its constituents: a review","volume":"65","author":"Moshiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Res (Stuttg)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130173","article-title":"Saffron pre-treatment offers neuroprotection to Nigral and retinal dopaminergic cells of MPTP-Treated mice","volume":"3","author":"Purushothuman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-22-16","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of crocin and its effects on transcript and protein levels of CREB, BDNF, and VGF in rat hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Vahdati Hassani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.092","article-title":"Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in muscle cells via multipathway mechanisms","volume":"135","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.10.001","article-title":"Endocannabinoids, exercise, pain, and a path to health with aging","volume":"64","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.06.015","article-title":"The cannabinoid system and pain","volume":"124","author":"Woodhams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.002","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: priming a target for new therapies","volume":"138","author":"Micale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0036","article-title":"Localization of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor mRNA Using Ribonucleotide Probes. Marijuana and Cannabinoid","volume":"71","author":"Hohmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2495-5","article-title":"Exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling is modulated by intensity","volume":"113","author":"Raichlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.063677","article-title":"Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the \u2018runner\u2019s high\u2019","volume":"215","author":"Raichlen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Experimental Bio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2237-0","article-title":"Effects of exercise stress on the endocannabinoid system in humans under field conditions","volume":"112","author":"Feuerecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0040","first-page":"138","article-title":"Endocannabinoid and mood responses to exercise in adults with varying activity levels","volume":"2","author":"Brellenthin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans J Am College Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0041","article-title":"Linking brains and brawn: exercise and the evolution of human neurobiology","volume":"280","author":"Raichlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceed Royal Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000340","article-title":"Acute resistance exercise induces antinociception by activation of the endocannabinoid system in rats","volume":"119","author":"Galdino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419308730019","article-title":"Plasma \u00df-endorphin immunoreactivity: response to resistance exercise","volume":"11","author":"Pierce","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.1.450","article-title":"Effects of different heavy-resistance exercise protocols on plasma beta-endorphin concentrations","volume":"74","author":"Kraemer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021313","article-title":"Response of beta-endorphin and estradiol to resistance exercise in females during energy balance and energy restriction","volume":"13","author":"Walberg-Rankin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2015.1120259","article-title":"Potential ergogenic effects of saffron","volume":"13","author":"Meamarbashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0047","first-page":"287","article-title":"Clinical applications of saffron (Crocus sativus) and its constituents: a review","volume":"65","author":"Moshiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002624","article-title":"Influence of adding single-joint exercise to a multijoint resistance training program in untrained young women","volume":"34","author":"Barbalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002200","article-title":"Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low-vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0050","article-title":"Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation and resistance training in postmenopausal women","volume":"144","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003922","article-title":"Whole egg vs. egg white ingestion during 12 weeks of resistance training in trained young males: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3","article-title":"The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training","volume":"24","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.2.529","article-title":"Reliability and validity of bioelectrical impedance in determining body composition","volume":"64","author":"Jackson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938421000445?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938421000445?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T18:15:36Z","timestamp":1758478536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938421000445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0031938421000445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of saffron (Crocus Sativus Linn) supplementation and resistance training on markers implicated in depression and happiness levels in untrained young males","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113352","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113352"}}