{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T18:35:55Z","timestamp":1783794955800,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T04:59:53Z","timestamp":1626325193000},"page":"113529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Salivary cortisol patterns in psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Cima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.A.","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0001","first-page":"4","article-title":"Psychopaths: new trends in research","volume":"12","author":"Hare","year":"1995","journal-title":"Harv. Ment. Health Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.1.5","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of psychopathy","volume":"182","author":"Blair","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.2\/rblair","article-title":"Psychopathy: cognitive and neural dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Blair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1108\/MHRJ-10-2013-0034","article-title":"Biological correlates of psychopathy: a brief review","volume":"19","author":"Debowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ment. Health Rev. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0798(199822)16:3<319::AID-BSL311>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers","volume":"16","author":"Raine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040499","article-title":"Association of poor childhood fear conditioning and adult crime","volume":"167","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0007","series-title":"The Handbook of Forensic Psychopathology and Treatment,","first-page":"206","article-title":"Contemporary approaches to psychopathy","author":"Brazil","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021407","article-title":"Increased testosterone to cortisol ratio in psychopathy","volume":"120","author":"Glenn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.12.011","article-title":"Self-reported trauma, cortisol levels, and aggression in psychopathic and non-psychopathic prison inmates","volume":"78","author":"Cima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01813.x","article-title":"From affective valence to motivational direction: the frontal asymmetry of emotion revised","volume":"17","author":"van Honk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0011","series-title":"The Antisocial Personalities","author":"Lykken","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.2.325","article-title":"From normal fear to pathological anxiety","volume":"105","author":"Rosen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000091021","article-title":"Inverse correlation between severity of psychopathic traits and serum cortisol levels in young adult violent male offenders","volume":"39","author":"Holi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0014","first-page":"1220","article-title":"Salivary cortisol and psychopathy dimensions in detained antisocial adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Feilhauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.3.252","article-title":"Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders","volume":"95","author":"Newman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/1131928","article-title":"Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: implications for early socialization","volume":"68","author":"Kochanska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034446","article-title":"Perfectionism, emotion regulation, and the cortisol stress response","volume":"61","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Couns. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890902874913","article-title":"Human models in acute and chronic stress: assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis activity and reactivity","volume":"13","author":"Kudielka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the trier social stress test (TSST); a meta-analysis","volume":"3602","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNEC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.C. Helminen, M.L. Morton, Q. Wang, J.C. Felver, A meta-analysis of cortisol reactivity to the trier social stress test in vritual environments, PNEC (2019) 10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104437.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104437"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00293.x","article-title":"Necker cube reversals, arousal and psychopathy","volume":"17","author":"Lidberg","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(78)90043-1","article-title":"Anomalies of cyclic AMP excretion in some abnormal offenders","volume":"7","author":"Woodman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.12.004","article-title":"Gender differences in the association between psychopathic personality traits and cortisol response to induced stress","volume":"32","author":"O'Leary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.04.010","article-title":"The association between affective psychopathic traits, time incarcerated, and cortisol response to psychosocial stress","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.01.012","article-title":"Alpha-amylase reactivity in relation to psychopathic traits in adults","volume":"54","author":"Glenn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302281","article-title":"Processing bias for aggression words in forensic and nonforensic samples","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0027","series-title":"The Hare Psychopathy Checklist\u2013Revised, Multi-Health Systems","author":"Hare","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.2.155","article-title":"A multigroup item response theory analysis of the psychopathy checklist-revised","volume":"16","author":"Bolt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.2.3.338","article-title":"The revised psychopathy checklist: reliability and factor structure","volume":"2","author":"Hare","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022372902241","article-title":"Psychopathy (PCL-R) predicts violent recidivism among criminal offenders with personality disorders in Sweden","volume":"23","author":"Grann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0798(200010)18:5<623::AID-BSL409>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: an international perspective","volume":"18","author":"Hare","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0032","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Stress","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373947-6\/00681-4","article-title":"Trier social stress test","author":"Kudielka","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355","article-title":"Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research","volume":"130","author":"Dickerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0034","series-title":"Multilevel Analysis: an Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling","author":"Snijders","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00108-7","article-title":"Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change","volume":"28","author":"Pruessner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinolog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00231-1","article-title":"Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies","volume":"27","author":"Blair","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3301_6","article-title":"Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems","volume":"33","author":"Frick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.03.009","article-title":"Psychopathic personality traits and cortisol response to stress: the role of sex, type of stressor, and menstrual phase","volume":"58","author":"O'Leary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.38","article-title":"Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior","volume":"57","author":"McBurnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.297","article-title":"Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder","volume":"58","author":"Pajer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(97)00099-1","article-title":"Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load","volume":"23","author":"Schulkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00103-4","article-title":"The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12\u00a0h cortisol rhythm","volume":"64","author":"Schmidt-Reinwald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21473","article-title":"Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants","volume":"59","author":"Kimonis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2009.04.008","article-title":"The testosterone\u2013cortisol ratio: a hormonal marker for proneness to social aggression","volume":"32","author":"Terburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2014.03.016","article-title":"Beyond physiological hypoarousal: the role of life stress and callous-unemotional traits in incarcerated adolescent males","volume":"65","author":"Gostisha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.11.005","article-title":"The role of trauma in the hormonal interplay of cortisol, testosterone, and oxytocin in adolescent aggression","volume":"88","author":"Fragkaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12132","article-title":"Gender differences in the prediction of physical activity among assisted living residents","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.02.057","article-title":"Testosterone, cortisol, and psychopathic traits in men and women","volume":"129","author":"Welker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0049","series-title":"The Handbook of Forensic Psychopathology and Treatment","first-page":"113","article-title":"Conscience: moral cognitions, moral emotions and moral behavior","author":"Cima","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-5722-2","article-title":"Psychopathy in children and adolescents: the need for a developmental perspective","volume":"33","author":"Salekin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."}],"container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938421002195?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938421002195?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T18:20:16Z","timestamp":1758478816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938421002195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0031938421002195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Salivary cortisol patterns in psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113529","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113529"}}