{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:59:12Z","timestamp":1784073552019,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T16:13:02Z","timestamp":1672762382000},"page":"114073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on motor function: A comprehensive review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"261","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6826-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Brancucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Rivolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Manippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.04.049","article-title":"The effect of transcranial random noise stimulation on corticospinal excitability and motor performance","volume":"705","author":"Abe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.04.017","article-title":"An acute application of transcranial random noise stimulation does not enhance motor skill acquisition or retention in a golf putting task","volume":"66","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62678-3","article-title":"Chapter 6 Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, \u201cprefrontal\u201d and \u201climbic\u201d functions","volume":"85","author":"Alexander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Progr. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S44648","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: transcranial electric motor cortex stimulation using high frequency random noise. Case report of a novel treatment","volume":"6","author":"Alm","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation: possible mechanisms","volume":"2016","author":"Antal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02087-9","article-title":"Effects of transcranial random noise stimulation combined with Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program (GRASP) on motor rehabilitation of the upper limb in sub-acute ischemic stroke patients: a randomized pilot study","volume":"126","author":"Arnao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134696","article-title":"tRNS effects on visual contrast detection","volume":"717","author":"Battaglini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.625359","article-title":"The effect of transcranial random noise stimulation on cognitive training outcome in healthy aging","volume":"12","author":"Brambilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3156796","article-title":"No modulatory effects when stimulating the right inferior frontal gyrus with continuous 6\u2009Hz tACS and tRNS on response inhibition: a behavioral study","volume":"2018","author":"Brauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.066","article-title":"Three repeated sessions of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) leads to long-term effects on reaction time in the Go\/No Go task","volume":"49","author":"Brevet-Aeby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05928-9","article-title":"Examining transcranial random noise stimulation as an add-on treatment for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia (STIM'Zo): a study protocol for a multicentre, double-blind, randomized sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Brunelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.398","article-title":"Personalizing the electrode to neuromodulate an extended cortical region","volume":"8","author":"Cancelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1449","article-title":"Parkinson's disease rigidity: magnetic motor evoked potentials in a small hand muscle","volume":"41","author":"Cantello","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00125","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation-induced plasticity is NMDA-receptor independent but sodium-channel blocker and benzodiazepines sensitive","volume":"9","author":"Chaieb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1938-7","article-title":"Short-duration transcranial random noise stimulation induces blood oxygenation level dependent response attenuation in the human motor cortex","volume":"198","author":"Chaieb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/105927","article-title":"Evaluating aftereffects of short-duration transcranial random noise stimulation on cortical excitability","volume":"2011","author":"Chaieb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31827d4197","article-title":"Central pain syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"118","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08545-x","article-title":"Performance after training in a complex cognitive task is enhanced by high-definition transcranial random noise stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Chenot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3266","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: a clinical review","volume":"311","author":"Clauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.642","article-title":"Noise-enhanced information transmission in rat SA1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors via aperiodic stochastic resonance","volume":"76","author":"Collins","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.001","article-title":"Maniglia M. tRNS boosts perceptual learning in peripheral vision","volume":"125","author":"Contemori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63782","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63782","article-title":"Attention network modulation via tRNS correlates with attention gain","volume":"10","author":"Cont\u00f2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2521-16.2017","article-title":"New, high-efficacy, noninvasive transcranial electric stimulation tuned to local neurodynamics","volume":"38","author":"Cottone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Suppl 105(3)","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0027","first-page":"100","article-title":"Motor cortex tRNS improves pain, affective and cognitive impairment in patients with fibromyalgia: preliminary results of a randomised sham-controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Curatolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2021_219","article-title":"Tinnitus and brain stimulation","volume":"51","author":"De Ridder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0029","article-title":"Controlling brain state prior to stimulation of parietal cortex prevents deterioration of sustained attention","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.009","article-title":"Age-related changes in cortical connectivity influence the neuromodulatory effects of transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"82","author":"Fertonani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.10.009","article-title":"Transcranial pulsed current stimulation: a new way forward?","volume":"125","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.023","article-title":"A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"122","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00744","article-title":"The effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on human motor functions: a comprehensive review of functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.09.001","article-title":"Pain matrices and neuropathic pain matrices: A review","volume":"154","author":"Garcia-Larrea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06142-4","article-title":"Electrophysiological aftereffects of high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS): an EEG investigation","volume":"239","author":"Ghin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2020.00041","article-title":"Neuromodulation of gamma-range auditory steady-state responses: a scoping review of brain stimulation studies","volume":"14","author":"Griskova-Bulanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14595","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14595","article-title":"Comparative study of motor cortical excitability changes following anodal tDCS or high-frequency tRNS in relation to stimulation duration","volume":"8","author":"Haeckert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.544585","article-title":"A self-administered Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program (GRASP) improves arm function during inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a multi-site randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0253-y","article-title":"Repetitive reaching training combined with transcranial Random Noise Stimulation in stroke survivors with chronic and severe arm paresis is feasible: a pilot, triple-blind, randomised case series","volume":"14","author":"Hayward","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-022-00689-w","article-title":"Different paradigms of transcranial electrical stimulation improve motor function impairment and striatum tissue injuries in the collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage rat model","volume":"23","author":"Heidarzadegan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3248-18.2019","article-title":"Boosting learning efficacy with noninvasive brain stimulation in intact and brain-damaged humans","volume":"39","author":"Herpich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000155","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on motor cortical excitability","volume":"31","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113479","article-title":"Effects of transcranial random noise stimulation timing on corticospinal excitability and motor function","volume":"414","author":"Hoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00161","article-title":"Motor task-dependent dissociated effects of transcranial random noise stimulation in a finger-tapping task versus a go\/no-go task on corticospinal excitability and task performance","volume":"13","author":"Jooss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.08.030","article-title":"Probing the architecture of visual number sense with parietal tRNS","volume":"114","author":"Karolis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.04.003","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation over the cerebellum differentially affect the cerebellum and primary motor cortex pathway","volume":"100","author":"Kawakami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70193-9","article-title":"Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Kesselring","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05640-w","article-title":"Efficacy of tRNS and 140 Hz tACS on motor cortex excitability seemingly dependent on sensitivity to sham stimulation","volume":"237","author":"Kortuem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00668","article-title":"Comparison of three non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation methods for increasing cortical excitability","volume":"10","author":"Inukai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0052","first-page":"403","article-title":"Increasing human leg motor cortex excitability by transcranial high frequency random noise stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restor Neurol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.11.017","article-title":"Motor cortex dysfunction revealed by cortical excitability studies in Parkinson's disease: influence of antiparkinsonian treatment and cortical stimulation","volume":"116","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.132","article-title":"Treatment of Parkinson's disease by cortical stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurotherap."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85749-7","article-title":"The effects of direct current stimulation and random noise stimulation on attention networks","volume":"11","author":"Lema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00378","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation: local and distant effects for motor recovery","volume":"8","author":"Liew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23823","article-title":"MDS Task Force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: critical review of PD-MCI","volume":"26","author":"Litvan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg102","article-title":"Keeping pain out of mind: The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pain modulation","volume":"126","author":"Lorenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270934","article-title":"Different stages of emotional prosody processing in healthy ageing-evidence from behavioural responses, ERPs, tDCS, and tRNS","volume":"17","author":"Maltezou-Papastylianou","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00597","article-title":"Gender Differences in Food Choice: Effects of Superior Temporal Sulcus Stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Manippa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06253-5","article-title":"Transcranial electric and acoustic stimulation for tinnitus: study protocol for a randomized double-blind controlled trial assessing the influence of combined transcranial random noise and acoustic stimulation on tinnitus loudness and distress","volume":"23","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014","article-title":"Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"37","author":"Miniussi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0063","series-title":"Transcranial brain stimulation","author":"Miniussi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.11.004","article-title":"Close to threshold transcranial electrical stimulation preferentially activates inhibitory networks before switching to excitation with higher intensities","volume":"5","author":"Moliadze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/837141","article-title":"Comparing the efficacy of excitatory transcranial stimulation methods measuring motor evoked potentials","volume":"2014","author":"Moliadze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation over the primary motor cortex in PD-MCI patients: a crossover, randomized, sham-controlled study","volume":"127","author":"Monastero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000745","article-title":"Cognitive exergame training and transcranial random noise stimulation effects on executive control in healthy young adults","volume":"35","author":"Moret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51553-7","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS): a wide range of frequencies is needed for increasing cortical excitability","volume":"22","author":"Moret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.001","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation is more effective than transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancing working memory in healthy individuals: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence","volume":"13","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2009.02.008","article-title":"Treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain by motor cortex stimulation","volume":"55","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuro-chirurgie"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0072","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on affect, pain and attention in multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Palm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.018","article-title":"Modulatory mechanisms underlying high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS): A combined stochastic resonance and equivalent noise approach","volume":"12","author":"Pavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72532-3","article-title":"The effect of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over bilateral posterior parietal cortex on divergent and convergent thinking","volume":"10","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Revue Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.005","article-title":"On the functional equivalence of electrodes in transcranial random noise stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Pirulli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2961-20.2021","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation acutely lowers the response threshold of human motor circuits","volume":"41","author":"Potok","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0248-21.2021","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation modulates neural processing of sensory and motor circuits, from potential cellular mechanisms to behavior: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Potok","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5089-13.2014","article-title":"TMS-EEG signatures of GABAergic neurotransmission in the human cortex","volume":"34","author":"Premoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00351","article-title":"Modulation of illusory auditory perception by transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Prete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.03.003","article-title":"Modulation of the dichotic right ear advantage during bilateral but not unilateral transcranial random noise stimulation","volume":"123","author":"Prete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.04.005","article-title":"Effects of different electrical brain stimulation protocols on subcomponents of motor skill learning","volume":"7","author":"Prichard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00069","article-title":"Interaction between transcranial random noise stimulation and observation-execution matching activity promotes motor cortex excitability","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.10.025","article-title":"Motor cortex stimulation for pain: a narrative review of indications, techniques, and outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Ramos-Fresnedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.035","article-title":"Effects of short-term random noise electrical stimulation on dissociated pyramidal neurons from the cerebral cortex","volume":"404","author":"Remedios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.72.3120","article-title":"Stochastic resonance in the perceptual interpretation of ambiguous figures: A neural network model","volume":"72","author":"Riani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.007","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Rufener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059669","article-title":"High-frequency TRNS reduces BOLD activity during visuomotor learning","volume":"8","author":"Saiote","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112168","article-title":"Comparison of transcranial electrical stimulation regimens for effects on inhibitory circuit activity in primary somatosensory cortex and tactile spatial discrimination performance","volume":"375","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02006-y","article-title":"Application of tRNS to improve multiple sclerosis fatigue: a pilot, single-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"126","author":"Salemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.01.017","article-title":"Impact of chronic transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on GABAergic and glutamatergic activity markers in the prefrontal cortex of juvenile mice","volume":"264","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Le\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab41ba","article-title":"Electric field simulations for transcranial brain stimulation using FEM: an efficient implementation and error analysis","volume":"16","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.011","article-title":"Bifrontal high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation is not effective as an add-on treatment in depression","volume":"132","author":"Schecklmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0094","article-title":"Anodal tDCS modulates cortical activity and synchronization in Parkinson's disease depending on motor processing","volume":"22","author":"Schoellmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.08.009","article-title":"Electrophysiological evaluation of high and low-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation over the auditory cortex","volume":"263","author":"Schoisswohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.01.006","article-title":"Impairment of motor cortex plasticity in Parkinson's disease, as revealed by theta-burst-transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Stephani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2021.01.001","article-title":"Non-invasive cortical stimulation: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"159","author":"Sudbrack-Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00214","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) mechanisms and protocols","volume":"11","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008","article-title":"Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Terney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00298","article-title":"The cognitive side of M1","volume":"10","author":"Tomasino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104702","article-title":"Using noise for the better: the effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on the brain and behavior","volume":"138","author":"van der Groen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40335-w","article-title":"Altering brain dynamics with transcranial random noise stimulation","volume":"9","author":"van der Groen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00078","article-title":"Anodal tDCS and High-Frequency tRNS Targeting the Occipitotemporal Cortex Do Not Always Enhance Face Perception","volume":"13","author":"Willis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.07.011","article-title":"Analgesia induced by anodal tDCS and high-frequency tRNS over the motor cortex: immediate and sustained effects on pain perception","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1440","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v8i0.1440","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of different transcranial electrical stimulation paradigms on the novel object recognition task in a rat model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"8","author":"Zarifkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Galen Med. J."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02475-6","article-title":"Human hearing enhanced by noise","volume":"869","author":"Zeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.119.2.503","article-title":"Expectancy of pain is influenced by motor preparation: a high-resolution EEG study of cortical alpha rhythms","volume":"119","author":"Babiloni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib109","unstructured":"Wingerchuk, DM, Weinshenker, BG. Multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, genetics, classification, natural history, and clinical outcome measures. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2000; 10(4):611-624, vii."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubauer, AC, Fink, A. Intelligence and neural efficiency. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009;33(7):1004-23. doi: 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.04.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.04.001"}],"container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003193842300001X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003193842300001X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T03:34:13Z","timestamp":1736393653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003193842300001X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["S003193842300001X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on motor function: A comprehensive review of the literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114073"}}