{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:36:50Z","timestamp":1788849410845,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:14:42Z","timestamp":1750216482000},"page":"115004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Glial fibrillary acidic protein vs. S100B to identify astrocytes impacted by sex and high fat diet"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"Beenhwa G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnalda","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Bugescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina M.","family":"Leinninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2009.11.2074","article-title":"The medical risks of obesity","volume":"121","author":"Pi-Sunyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-013-9261-9","article-title":"Brain regulation of energy balance and body weight","volume":"14","author":"Rui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137050","article-title":"The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and metabolic regulation: an emerging role for renin\u2013angiotensin pathways","volume":"22","author":"Mehay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab025","article-title":"Arcuate nucleus-dependent regulation of metabolism-pathways to obesity and diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Jais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2012.07.001","article-title":"Emerging role of glial cells in the control of body weight","volume":"1","author":"Garc\u00eda-C\u00e1ceres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.056","article-title":"Astrocytes","volume":"31","author":"Hasel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126176","article-title":"Hypothalamic astrocytes as a specialized and responsive cell population in obesity","volume":"22","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2022.2044","article-title":"Role of hypothalamic reactive astrocytes in diet-induced obesity","volume":"45","author":"Sa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105874","article-title":"Implications of glial metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"174","author":"Afridi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.03.009","article-title":"Profound weight loss induces reactive astrogliosis in the arcuate nucleus of obese mice","volume":"24","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1961","article-title":"A stereological analysis of NPY, POMC, orexin, GFAP astrocyte, and Iba1 microglia cell number and volume in diet-induced obese male mice","volume":"156","author":"Lemus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12504","article-title":"Short-term high-fat diet increases the presence of astrocytes in the hypothalamus of C57BL6 mice without altering leptin sensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Balland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59660","article-title":"Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans","volume":"122","author":"Thaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00865-9","article-title":"S100B is selectively expressed by gray matter protoplasmic astrocytes and myelinating oligodendrocytes in the developing CNS","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20220136","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity and interactions with local neural circuits","volume":"67","author":"Holt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.003","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007677003387","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: gFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000)*","volume":"25","author":"Eng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00877-w","article-title":"Hypothalamic GABRA5-positive neurons control obesity via astrocytic GABA","volume":"5","author":"Sa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091361","article-title":"Beyond the GFAP-astrocyte protein markers in the brain","volume":"11","author":"Jurga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.159","article-title":"Functional diversity of astrocytes in neural circuit regulation","volume":"18","author":"Ben Haim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00047-X","article-title":"S100B proteins that lack one or both cysteine residues can induce inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia","volume":"39","author":"Koppal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12539.x","article-title":"The amino-acid sequence of S-100 protein (PAP I-b Protein) and its relation to the calcium-binding proteins","volume":"89","author":"Isobe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0024","article-title":"The appropriate marker for astrocytes: comparing the distribution and expression of three astrocytic markers in different mouse cerebral regions","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.10.001","article-title":"Evidence for a novel functional role of astrocytes in the acute homeostatic response to high-fat diet intake in mice","volume":"4","author":"Buckman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50166-7","article-title":"Astrocytic metabolic control of orexinergic activity in the lateral hypothalamus regulates sleep and wake architecture","volume":"15","author":"Braga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.002","article-title":"Hypothalamic astrocytes control systemic glucose metabolism and energy balance","volume":"34","author":"Herrera Moro Chao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.101904","article-title":"Effects of chronic high fat diet on mediobasal hypothalamic satiety neuron function in POMC-Cre mice","volume":"82","author":"Ba\u015fer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24237","article-title":"Diet triggers specific responses of hypothalamic astrocytes in time and region dependent manner","volume":"70","author":"Lutomska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23233","article-title":"Regional astrogliosis in the mouse hypothalamus in response to obesity","volume":"521","author":"Buckman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5607\/en22014","article-title":"Unaltered tonic inhibition in the arcuate nucleus of diet-induced obese mice","volume":"31","author":"Sa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8184","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0920-22.2022","article-title":"Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray astrocytes regulate nociceptive sensation and emotional motivation in diabetic neuropathic pain","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.09.025","article-title":"Hypothalamic PGC-1\u03b1 protects against high-fat diet exposure by regulating er\u03b1","volume":"9","author":"Morselli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia5030019","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and hypothalamic astrocytes: focus on glioprotection","volume":"5","author":"Thomaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroglia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111464","article-title":"Sex differences in high fat diet-induced metabolic alterations correlate with changes in the modulation of GRK2 levels","volume":"8","author":"Arcones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.007","article-title":"Obesity-associated hyperleptinemia alters the gliovascular interface of the hypothalamus to promote hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Gruber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1159\/000509583","article-title":"G protein-coupled estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus is widely distributed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, fluctuates during the estrous cycle, and is sexually dimorphic","volume":"111","author":"Marraudino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05040-3","article-title":"Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility","volume":"63","author":"Tramunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020700117665","article-title":"Ca2+-binding S100 proteins in the central nervous system*","volume":"24","author":"Heizmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10509.1","article-title":"Inducible targeting of CNS astrocytes in Aldh1l1-CreERT2 BAC transgenic mice","volume":"5","author":"Winchenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"}],"container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938425002057?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938425002057?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:27:26Z","timestamp":1778945246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938425002057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0031938425002057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein vs. S100B to identify astrocytes impacted by sex and high fat diet","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.115004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115004"}}