{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T19:17:06Z","timestamp":1783192626308,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH123535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH123535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:23:00Z","timestamp":1778196180000},"page":"115373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Interpersonal threat reactivity differentiates reactive and proactive aggression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"314","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie L.","family":"Kj\u00e6rvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9442-8","article-title":"Predicting negative life outcomes from early aggressive-disruptive behavior trajectories: gender differences in maladaptation across life domains","volume":"39","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0095-y","article-title":"Conduct disorder","volume":"5","author":"Fairchild","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0790-5","article-title":"Variability in emotional\/behavioral problems in boys with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder: the role of arousal","volume":"25","author":"Schoorl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0004","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5TM","first-page":"947","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020124","article-title":"Neurobiological responses towards stimuli depicting aggressive interactions in delinquent young adults and controls: no relation to reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"12","author":"ter Harmsel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.08.007","article-title":"Neuroimaging, hormonal and genetic biomarkers for pathological aggression\u2014success or failure?","volume":"43","author":"Wagels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3577","article-title":"The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths","volume":"14","author":"Blair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-021-09943-7","article-title":"Skin conductance responses to a discrete threat in virtual reality: associations with psychopathy and anxiety","volume":"44","author":"Centifanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.016","article-title":"Psychophysiological activity and reactivity in children and adolescents with conduct problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Fanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0010","series-title":"Aggression: its Causes, Consequences, and Control","first-page":"485","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.12.012","article-title":"Skin conductance, heart rate and aggressive behavior type","volume":"141","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113601","article-title":"Psychophysiological underpinnings of proactive and reactive aggression in young men and women","volume":"242","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917243","article-title":"Attention, autonomic arousal, and personality in behaviorally disordered children","volume":"15","author":"Raine","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10683169808401752","article-title":"Biological predispositions to violence and their implications for biosocial treatment and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Raine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Crime Law"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200402000-00010","article-title":"Heart rate level and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Ortiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.02.004","article-title":"Resting heart rate and antisocial behavior: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Portnoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115","article-title":"The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys","volume":"32","author":"Raine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00460","article-title":"Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children\u2019s anger: relations to reactive versus proactive aggression","volume":"73","author":"Hubbard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022","article-title":"Neuro-cognitive system dysfunction and symptom sets: a review of fMRI studies in youth with conduct problems","volume":"91","author":"Blair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. Conduct Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.675004","article-title":"New developments in virtual reality-assisted treatment of aggression in forensic settings: the case of VRAPT","volume":"2","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Moraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Second European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI\u201916","first-page":"1805","article-title":"An intelligent system for aggression de-escalation training","author":"Bosse","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121653","article-title":"Virtual reality for aggression assessment: the development and preliminary results of two virtual reality tasks to assess reactive and proactive aggression in males","volume":"11","author":"Lobbestael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9997","article-title":"Immersiveness and physiological arousal within panoramic video-based virtual reality","volume":"10","author":"Macedonio","year":"2007","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0024","first-page":"82","article-title":"Use of immersive virtual reality for treating anger","volume":"154","author":"Miyahira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-025-01350-w","article-title":"Virtual triggers real reactions\u2014using VR to assess youth violence","author":"Westerveld","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8864909","article-title":"Humans mindlessly treat AI virtual agents as social beings, but this tendency diminishes among the young: evidence from a cyberball experiment","volume":"2024","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104626","article-title":"Reactive vs proactive aggression: a differential psychobiological profile? Conclusions derived from a systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib47","unstructured":"Thomson, N.D. (2025). React VR: Acute Threat Assessment (Version 1.0.3) [software]."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040379","article-title":"The interplay between fear reactivity and callous\u2013unemotional traits predicting reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"11","author":"Thomson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.11.007","article-title":"Physiological reactivity and different forms of aggression in girls: moderating roles of rejection sensitivity and peer rejection","volume":"86","author":"Sijtsema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21596","article-title":"Relational victimization and proactive versus reactive relational aggression: the moderating effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and skin conductance","volume":"41","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0032","article-title":"Psychopathy, the four facet model, and fearlessness: testing sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity in a late adolescent sample","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245","article-title":"Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix","volume":"87","author":"Steiger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0035","first-page":"15","article-title":"Proactive vs. reactive aggression within two modified versions of the Taylor aggression paradigm","author":"Boccadoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1507695","article-title":"Deficits in emotional cognition among individuals with conduct disorder: theoretical perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-025-01373-3","article-title":"Impact VR: a socioemotional intervention for reducing CU traits, conduct problems, and aggression in youth with conduct disorder","volume":"53","author":"Thomson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.6.1146","article-title":"Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children\u2019s peer groups","volume":"53","author":"Dodge","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00040","article-title":"Reactively and proactively aggressive children: antecedent and subsequent characteristics","volume":"43","author":"Vitaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027503","article-title":"The dominance behavioral system and psychopathology: evidence from self-report, observational, and biological studies","volume":"138","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13966","article-title":"Treating children\u2019s aggressive behavior problems using cognitive behavior therapy with virtual reality: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Alsem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2025.102034","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality interventions for aggression, anger and impulsiveness: a multilevel meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Roncero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2019.1708357","article-title":"Virtual reality: a use case for criminal justice practice","volume":"26","author":"Cornet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Crime Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-025-01876-x","article-title":"Impact VR: building socioemotional resilience in youth with conduct disorder","author":"Thomson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia5040215","article-title":"Virtual reality as an innovative tool for youth mental health","volume":"5","author":"Blondell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111484","article-title":"Testing the effects of a virtual reality game for aggressive impulse management: a preliminary randomized controlled trial among forensic psychiatric outpatients","volume":"11","author":"Smeijers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."}],"container-title":["Physiology &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938426001575?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938426001575?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T19:03:56Z","timestamp":1783191836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938426001575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0031938426001575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Interpersonal threat reactivity differentiates reactive and proactive aggression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiology & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2026.115373","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115373"}}