{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:47:03Z","timestamp":1792511223356,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2026- 193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026- 193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Physiology and Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:07:08Z","timestamp":1785251228000},"page":"111580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Synergistic effects of 2,4-D and PEG-induced osmotic stress on morphogenesis and physiological adaptation of date palm cv. Sukkari in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Jawaher","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14131949","article-title":"Pipecolic acid, a drought stress modulator, boosts chlorophyll assimilation, photosynthetic performance, redox homeostasis, and osmotic adjustment of drought affected Hordeum vulgare L. seedlings","volume":"14","author":"Aktas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.37077\/25200860.2025.38.sp.10","article-title":"Interaction effect of PEG6000 and brassinosteroid on biochemical characteristics of in vitro date palm (Barhi cultivar)","volume":"38","author":"Al-Kanany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Basrah J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03305-5","article-title":"The effect of polyamines and silver thiosulphate on micropropagation of date palm followed by genetic stability assessment","volume":"38","author":"Al-Mayahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2478\/foecol-2024-0023","article-title":"Triacontanol 'TRIA' application to mitigate the adverse effects of drought and salinity stress under in vitro culture of date palm plants","volume":"51","author":"Al-Mayahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Oecologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib8","article-title":"Effect of sodium nitroprusside with plant growth regulators on in vitro propagation and genetic stability of \u2018Barhee\u2019date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)","volume":"33","author":"AL-Mayahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib3","article-title":"Effect of low 2, 4-D concentration on enhancing indirect embryogenesis and genetic stability in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/2205_49514960","article-title":"The effect of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) concentrations on callus induction in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)","volume":"22","author":"Arain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-022-02259-8","article-title":"2,4 D induction of somaclonal variations in vitro grown date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Barhee)","volume":"150","author":"Baklouti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9620413","article-title":"A re examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves","volume":"15","author":"Barrs","year":"1962","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","article-title":"Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels","volume":"44","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8","article-title":"Assay of catalases and peroxidases","volume":"2","author":"Chance","year":"1955","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9111440","article-title":"Influence of polyethylene glycol on leaf anatomy, stomatal behavior, water loss, and some physiological traits of date palm plantlets grown in vitro and ex vitro","volume":"9","author":"Din","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib20","first-page":"13","article-title":"Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue","volume":"12","author":"Doyle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib21","first-page":"743","article-title":"Effect of water stress induced by polyethylene glycol on growth and proline accumulation in Agave americana L","volume":"91","author":"Enrique","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae456","article-title":"Date palm diverts organic solutes for root osmotic adjustment and protects leaves from oxidative damage in early drought acclimation","volume":"76","author":"Franzisky","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14010078","article-title":"Morphological, physiological, and transcriptional changes in Crocus sativus L. under in vitro polyethylene glycol induced water stress","volume":"14","author":"Gusain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00129-y","article-title":"High frequency direct somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from date palm immature inflorescences using picloram","volume":"19","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74422-4","article-title":"Multifaceted natural drought response mechanisms in three elite date palm cultivars uncovered by expressed sequence tags analysis","volume":"14","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0110591","article-title":"Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents","volume":"11","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394Ct method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x","article-title":"A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures","volume":"15","author":"Murashige","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiol. Plantarum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12122296","article-title":"Effects of drought stress induced by hypertonic polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) on Passiflora edulis Sims physiological properties","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-019-09979-1","article-title":"Physiological and morphological analyses of Thymus vulgaris L. in vitro cultures under polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced osmotic stress","volume":"55","author":"Razavizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00278-9","article-title":"Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration","volume":"163","author":"Sairam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3390\/f13060836","article-title":"Responses of microstructure, ultrastructure and antioxidant enzyme activity to PEG induced drought stress in Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203626","article-title":"Modulating the antioxidant system by exogenous 2 (3,4 dichlorophenoxy) triethylamine in maize seedlings exposed to polyethylene glycol simulated drought stress","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0570508","article-title":"The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone","volume":"57","author":"Yemm","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biochem. J."}],"container-title":["Plant Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0981942826005668?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0981942826005668?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:10:17Z","timestamp":1792509017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0981942826005668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0981942826005668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580","relation":{},"ISSN":["0981-9428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0981-9428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Synergistic effects of 2,4-D and PEG-induced osmotic stress on morphogenesis and physiological adaptation of date palm cv. Sukkari in vitro","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plaphy.2026.111580","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111580"}}