{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:42:05Z","timestamp":1786995725590,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Preventive Medicine Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T11:54:38Z","timestamp":1572004478000},"page":"101009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Patterns and trends of dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2015\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Owusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3425-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jidong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry F.","family":"Pechacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0005","first-page":"542","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults\u2013United States, 2012\u20132013","volume":"63","author":"Agaku","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6744a2","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults \u2013 United States, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.023","article-title":"Exclusive e-cigarette use predicts cigarette initiation among college students","volume":"76","author":"Loukas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1742","article-title":"Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among US adolescents and young adults","volume":"169","author":"Primack","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010216.pub2","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction","volume":"12","author":"McRobbie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122544","article-title":"E-Cigarettes and smoking cessation: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0035","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of associations between reasons for electronic cigarette use and change in smoking status among adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study","author":"Soule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-054174","article-title":"Transitions in electronic cigarette use among adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, Waves 1 and 2 (2013\u20132015)","author":"Coleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e490","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008545","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes","volume":"129","author":"Grana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.041","article-title":"Nicotine levels, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking reduction success in real world use: a comparison of cigarette smokers and dual users of both cigarettes and","volume":"170","author":"Jorenby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.05.020","article-title":"Electronic nicotine delivery system dual use and intention to quit smoking: will the socioeconomic gap in smoking get greater?","volume":"61","author":"Nayak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1211128","article-title":"21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0065","unstructured":"USDHHS. The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.004","article-title":"Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction","volume":"55","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i90","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053096","article-title":"Long-term e-cigarette use and smoking cessation: a longitudinal study with US population","volume":"25","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob. Control."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0789","article-title":"Association of electronic cigarette use with smoking habits, demographic factors, and respiratory symptoms","volume":"1","author":"Hedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6542a7","article-title":"QuickStats: cigarette smoking status * among current adult e-cigarette users,\u2020 by age group \u2013 National Health Interview Survey,\u00a7 United States, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3440","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of e-cigarette use among US adults: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2016","volume":"169","author":"Mirbolouk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1607538","article-title":"Tobacco-product use by adults and youths in the United States in 2013 and 2014","volume":"376","author":"Kasza","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x","article-title":"Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy","volume":"106","author":"Etter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00512.x","article-title":"Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an internet survey","volume":"32","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv003","article-title":"Use of e-cigarettes among current smokers: associations among reasons for use, quit intentions, and current tobacco use","volume":"17","author":"Rutten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.09.011","article-title":"Reasons for current E-cigarette use among US adults","volume":"93","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170702","article-title":"Why do people use electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes)? a content analysis of Twitter, 2012\u20132015","volume":"12","author":"Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty129","article-title":"A conceptual framework for understanding multiple tobacco product use and the impact of regulatory action","volume":"21","author":"Pacek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res. Off. J. Soc. Res. Nicotine Tob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. doi: 10.17226\/24952.","DOI":"10.17226\/24952"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808779","article-title":"A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy","volume":"380","author":"Hajek","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.007667","article-title":"E-Cigarettes: a scientific review","volume":"129","author":"Grana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00521-4","article-title":"E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Kalkhoran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2048","article-title":"Association of e-cigarette use with smoking cessation among smokers who plan to quit after a hospitalization: a prospective study","volume":"168","author":"Rigotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198047","article-title":"Are electronic nicotine delivery systems helping cigarette smokers quit? evidence from a prospective cohort study of US adult smokers, 2015\u20132016","volume":"13","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7473","article-title":"Promotion of electronic cigarettes: tobacco marketing reinvented?","volume":"347","author":"de Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.12.010","article-title":"\u201cSmoking revolution\u201d: a content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites","volume":"46","author":"Grana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.2.3.5","article-title":"Online e-cigarette marketing claims: a systematic content and legal analysis","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob. Regul. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu191","article-title":"Trends in awareness and use of electronic cigarettes among US adults, 2010\u20132013","volume":"17","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res. Off. J. Soc. Res. Nicotine Tob."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu213","article-title":"Trends in electronic cigarette use among U.S. Adults: use is increasing in both smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"17","author":"McMillen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6527a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults\u2014United States, 2013\u20132014","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0190","unstructured":"IPSOS. Public Affairs: KnowledgePanel. 2019. https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/en-us\/solutions\/public-affairs\/knowledgepanel. Accessed July 20, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0195","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey (CPS). https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/cps.html. Accessed July 23, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x","article-title":"Measuring the heaviness of smoking: using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day","volume":"84","author":"Heatherton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"issue":"334","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482279","article-title":"A simple method for approximating the variance of a complicated estimate","volume":"66","author":"Woodruff","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0210","series-title":"Sampling: Design and Analysis","author":"Lohr","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0215","article-title":"E-cigarette usage is associated with increased past-12-month quit attempts and successful smoking cessation in two US population-based surveys","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012680","article-title":"Electronic nicotine delivery systems and\/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"El Dib","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012317","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction among adults in the US population assessment of tobacco and health","volume":"8","author":"Bhatta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.10.028","article-title":"A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users","volume":"39","author":"Etter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0235","first-page":"13","article-title":"Dual use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and smoked tobacco: a qualitative analysis","volume":"28","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob. Control."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0240","first-page":"381","article-title":"Tobacco use among middle and high school students \u2013 United States, 2011\u20132014","volume":"64","author":"Arrazola","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0245","unstructured":"USDHHS. E-Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.04.011","article-title":"Youth or young adults: which group is at highest risk for tobacco use onset?","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.11.005","article-title":"Initiation of traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among tobacco-na\u00efve US young adults","volume":"131","author":"Primack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Preventive Medicine Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211335519301809?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211335519301809?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:55:22Z","timestamp":1761922522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211335519301809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S2211335519301809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-3355"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-3355","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patterns and trends of dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2015\u20132018","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Preventive Medicine Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.101009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101009"}}