{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:34:24Z","timestamp":1793223264256,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,5,23]],"date-time":"2027-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1811030400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":356,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001945","name":"The American Psychological Foundation Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","painmanagementnursing.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Management Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T12:30:48Z","timestamp":1766493048000},"page":"211-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Young Adults\u2019 Use of Prescription Opioids and Cannabis Postoperatively: A Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7037-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor A.J.","family":"Battison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Heierle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika K.","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Holley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8672-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.022","article-title":"Adolescent and young adult preventive care: Comparing national survey rates","volume":"49","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100051","article-title":"The pillars of trustworthiness in qualitative research","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3586-5","article-title":"Primary care patients with drug use report chronic pain and self-medicate with alcohol and other drugs","volume":"31","author":"Alford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E440","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.004321","article-title":"A qualitative assessment of perceptions and attitudes toward postoperative pain and opioid use in patients undergoing elective knee arthroscopy","volume":"65","author":"Anand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E700","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000700","article-title":"Characterizing chronic pain in late adolescence and early adulthood: Prescription opioids, marijuana use, obesity, and predictors for greater pain interference","volume":"3","author":"Anastas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00080-7","article-title":"The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18\u201329 years: Implications for mental health","volume":"1","author":"Arnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-022-00135-y","article-title":"A description of self-medication with cannabis among adults with legal access to cannabis in Quebec, Canada","volume":"4","author":"Asselin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cannabis Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221144635","article-title":"We need to talk: The urgent conversation on chronic pain, mental health, prescribing patterns and the opioid crisis","volume":"37","author":"Battaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105972","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse among adolescents and emerging adults in the United States: A scoping review","volume":"132","author":"Bonar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0011","series-title":"Thematic analysis: A practical guide","author":"Braun","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171241312508","article-title":"Past 30-day cannabis use by perception of risk and age group: Implications for prevention","volume":"39","author":"Burrow-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0602-x","article-title":"Positive parenting improves multiple aspects of health and well-being in young adulthood","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.12.008","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-025-01448-8","article-title":"The role of family as a source of health information among college students","volume":"50","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586715614171","article-title":"Qualitative descriptive methods in health science research","volume":"9","author":"Colorafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Herd"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30148-7","article-title":"Adolescent resilience to addiction: A social plasticity hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Cousijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0018","unstructured":"Epic Systems Corporation. (2023). Patient Data from Epic EHR System. https:\/\/www.epic.com\/."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.02.001","article-title":"Pain relief as a motivation for cannabis use among young adult users with and without chronic pain","volume":"20","author":"Fales","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0020","article-title":"Intersection between social inequality and emotion regulation on emerging adult cannabis use","volume":"3","author":"Feldstein Ewing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303585","article-title":"How has legal recreational cannabis affected adolescents in your state? A window of opportunity","volume":"107","author":"Feldstein Ewing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0022","series-title":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) statistical briefs","article-title":"Most frequent operating room procedures performed in U.S. hospitals, 2003\u20132012","author":"Fingar","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01555-z","article-title":"Examining racial\/ethnic differences in patterns of opioid prescribing: Results from an urban safety-net healthcare system","volume":"11","author":"Flores","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.05.001","article-title":"Departure from pediatric care: Transitioning of adolescents with chronic pain to adult care","volume":"18","author":"Forgeron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Management Nursing"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0025","first-page":"2050","article-title":"Racial differences in opioid prescribing for children in the United States","volume":"159","author":"Groenewald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain (Amsterdam)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091267","article-title":"Best-evidence for the rehabilitation of chronic pain Part 1: Pediatric pain","volume":"8","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2023.2287240","article-title":"Chronic pain and cannabis use frequency, intensity, and severity in young adults","volume":"59","author":"Hayaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2019.1587707","article-title":"Moving on: Transition experiences of young adults with chronic pain","volume":"3","author":"Higginson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0029","article-title":"Pain management of acute and chronic postoperative pain","volume":"14","author":"Ishida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001044","article-title":"Effects of pre-operative recreational smoked cannabis use on opioid consumption following inflammatory bowel disease surgery: A historical cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Jamal","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Anaesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2013.803644","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia in the Jamaican cannabis user","volume":"45","author":"Jefferson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005087","article-title":"I prefer to stay away\u201d: A qualitative study of patients in an opioid-sparing pain management protocol","volume":"277","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0033","series-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2021: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use","author":"Johnston","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.027","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity and marijuana use in the United States: Diminishing differences in the prevalence of use, 2006\u20132015","volume":"179","author":"Keyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0054","article-title":"The impact of perioperative cannabis use: A narrative scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Ladha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104591","article-title":"Hypnosis to manage musculoskeletal and neuropathic chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Langlois","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.09.041","article-title":"Health lifestyles across the transition to adulthood: Implications for health","volume":"193","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.029","article-title":"Past-year use of prescription opioids and\/or benzodiazepines among adults in the United States: Estimating medical and nonmedical use in 2015-2016","volume":"204","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003963","article-title":"Weeding out the problem: The impact of preoperative cannabinoid use on pain in the perioperative period","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2023.100181","article-title":"Population-based examination of substance use disorders and treatment use among US young adults in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2011-2019","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.26828\/cannabis.2019.02.001","article-title":"It\u2019s All Good\u201d: Perceived benefits but not perceived risks or worries among adult marijuana users","volume":"2","author":"Magnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cannabis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.02.023","article-title":"Racial disparity in analgesic treatment for ED patients with abdominal or back pain","volume":"29","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0043","series-title":"Young adults' relationship with their parents","author":"Minkin","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13619","article-title":"The complex relationships among race\/ethnicity, social determinants, and opioid utilization","volume":"56","author":"Moriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13431","article-title":"Assessment of opioid prescribing patterns in a large network of US community health centers, 2009 to 2018","volume":"3","author":"Muench","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.06.009","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of cannabis and prescription opioid co-use patterns, analgesic effectiveness, and the opioid-sparing effect of cannabis in individuals with chronic pain","volume":"23","author":"Mun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2024.100201","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perioperative experiences of an opioid-free versus opioid-based care pathway for laparoscopic bariatric surgery: A qualitative study","volume":"6","author":"Olausson","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2022.2057287","article-title":"A practical guide to reflexivity in qualitative research: AMEE Guide No. 149","volume":"45","author":"Olmos-Vega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0049","series-title":"Pediatric surgical pain management toolkit for families","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsaa108","article-title":"Topical review: Examining multidomain pain resilience in late adolescents and young adults","volume":"46","author":"Palit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0051","series-title":"Monitoring the future panel study annual report: National data on substance use among adults ages 19 to 60, 1976-2022","author":"Patrick","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0052","first-page":"477","article-title":"Historical trends in cannabis use among U.S. adults aged 19-55, 2013-2021","volume":"84","author":"Patrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.4.495","article-title":"Hypnosis and clinical pain","volume":"129","author":"Patterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-018-0915-4","article-title":"The impact of the urban neighborhood environment on marijuana trajectories during emerging adulthood","volume":"20","author":"Reboussin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0012","article-title":"Cannabis as a substitute for opioid-based pain medication: Patient self-report","volume":"2","author":"Reiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2016.1164711","article-title":"Assessing the risk of marijuana use disorder among adolescents and adults who use marijuana","volume":"43","author":"Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000493","article-title":"Opioid and cannabis co-use among adults with chronic pain: Relations to substance misuse, mental health, and pain experience","volume":"13","author":"Rogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-104013","article-title":"ASRA Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on the management of the perioperative patient on cannabis and cannabinoids","volume":"48","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03076-2","article-title":"Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: Mechanisms and progress","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2022.2130025","article-title":"Risk factors for substance use across the lifespan","volume":"184","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Genet Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000508","article-title":"The impact of recreational marijuana legalization on rates of use and behavior: A 10-year comparison of two cohorts from high school to young adulthood","volume":"33","author":"Stormshak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0062","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2024). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP24-07-021, NSDUH Series H-59). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2023-nsduh-annual-national-report."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.09.004","article-title":"A systematic review of race, sex, and socioeconomic status differences in postoperative pain and pain management","volume":"38","author":"Thurston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing"},{"issue":"23-24","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15827","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Tola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2019-0168","article-title":"Opioid tapering after surgery: A qualitative study of patients\u2019 experiences","volume":"20","author":"Uhrbrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2022). World drug report 2022. Retrieved 4\/1\/2024 from https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/wdr2018.","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210019545"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2024.101427","article-title":"Postoperative pain management in children: Guidance from the pain committee of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA Pain Management Ladder Initiative) Part II","volume":"43","author":"Vittinghoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031850","article-title":"Predicting self-medication with cannabis in young adults with hazardous cannabis use","volume":"19","author":"Wallis","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463717720636","article-title":"The psychology of chronic post-surgical pain: New frontiers in risk factor identification, prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Weinrib","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Pain"}],"container-title":["Pain Management Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1524904225003340?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1524904225003340?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T19:45:01Z","timestamp":1779997501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1524904225003340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1524904225003340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-9042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Young Adults\u2019 Use of Prescription Opioids and Cannabis Postoperatively: A Qualitative Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pain Management Nursing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.11.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}