{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:01:44Z","timestamp":1787666504234,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","painmanagementnursing.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Management Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T20:22:00Z","timestamp":1766866920000},"page":"263-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of an Opioid Stigma Scale for People Living With Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5892-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Carnago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirlene","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon A.","family":"Knettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6","article-title":"Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)","volume":"10","author":"Andresen","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.015","article-title":"Like being put on an ice floe and shoved away\u201d: A qualitative study of the impacts of opioid-related policy changes on people who take opioids","volume":"66","author":"Antoniou","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.05.006","article-title":"The determinants and effects of chronic pain stigma: A mixed methods study and the development of a model","volume":"23","author":"Bean","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108664","article-title":"I felt like I had a scarlet letter\u201d: Recurring experiences of structural stigma surrounding opioid tapers among patients with chronic, non-cancer pain","volume":"222","author":"Benintendi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.037","article-title":"Strategies used by people who inject drugs to avoid stigma in healthcare settings","volume":"198","author":"Biancarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000074","article-title":"An Empirical Kaiser Criterion","volume":"22","author":"Braeken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0007","series-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors","article-title":"Opioid use-related stigma and health care decision-making","author":"Brown","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2022.04.032","article-title":"Manifestations of opioid stigma in patients with advanced cancer (RP316)","volume":"63","author":"Bulls","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Pain and Symptom Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/JXX.0000000000001002","article-title":"Ethical considerations and decision making in opioid prescribing for chronic pain: A case study in rheumatology practice","volume":"36","author":"Carnago","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21501327211008055","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating chronic pain: Are we doing this right?","volume":"12","author":"Carnago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Primary Care & Community Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2023.104713","article-title":"Opioid prescribing and process improvement project: A quality improvement Initiative","volume":"19","author":"Carnago","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal for Nurse Practitioners"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0012","unstructured":"Centers for Diseae Control and Prevention. (2021). Reducing Stigma. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mentalhealth\/stress-coping\/reduce-stigma\/index.html. Accessed February 11, 2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.04.009","article-title":"Self-stigma of mental illness scale \u2013 Short form: Reliability and validity","volume":"199","author":"Corrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.8.875","article-title":"Corrigan: The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Corrigan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1177\/10497323211003063","article-title":"Conversations About opioids: Impact of the opioid overdose epidemic on social interactions for people who live with chronic pain","volume":"31","author":"Dassieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0016","series-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications","author":"DeVellis","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0017","author":"Hair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multivariate data analysis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa045","article-title":"Understanding clinicians\u2019 decisions to assume prescriptions for inherited patients on long-term opioid therapy: A qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"Keller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Medicine: The Official Journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1329738","article-title":"Attribution through the layperson\u2019s lens: Development and preliminary validation of an inclusive, international measure of beliefs about the causes of mental illness","volume":"101","author":"Knettel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305174","article-title":"Provider perspectives on screening and treatment for opioid use disorder and mental health in HIV care: A qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Knettel","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/07347332.2023.2241458","article-title":"Culturally-informed adaptation and psychometric properties of the Cataldo Cancer Stigma Scale in Northern Tanzania","volume":"42","author":"Knettel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosocial Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.10.005","article-title":"Ambiguous identities of drugs and people: A scoping review of opioid-related stigma","volume":"74","author":"McCradden","year":"2019","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03058-y","article-title":"The disclosure dilemma: Willingness to disclose a positive HIV status among individuals preparing for HIV testing during antenatal care in Tanzania","volume":"25","author":"Mwamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0691-z","article-title":"Development of a 12-item short version of the HIV stigma scale","volume":"15","author":"Reinius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0026","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. Basic Books. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/obesity-guideline\/rosenberg-self-esteem.pdf. Accessed March 25, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","article-title":"The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","article-title":"The health stigma and discrimination framework: A global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas","volume":"17","author":"Stangl","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002969","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response","volume":"16","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health","volume":"17","author":"Turan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.005","article-title":"A new brief opioid stigma scale to assess perceived public attitudes and internalized stigma: Evidence for construct validity","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"}],"container-title":["Pain Management Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1524904225003509?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1524904225003509?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T19:19:44Z","timestamp":1779563984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1524904225003509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1524904225003509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-9042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-9042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development of an Opioid Stigma Scale for People Living With Chronic Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pain Management Nursing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.12.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}