{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:59:50Z","timestamp":1791201590418,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T12:39:46Z","timestamp":1207658386000},"page":"347-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Common Injuries of the Foot and Ankle in the Child and Adolescent Athlete"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Gerard A.","family":"Malanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Ramirez \u2013 Del Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2004.11.003","article-title":"Ankle and foot injuries in pediatric and adult athletes","volume":"32","author":"Pommering","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib2","first-page":"233","article-title":"Ankle and foot injuries in sports","volume":"1","author":"Mahaffey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinics in Family Practice"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079601700904","article-title":"A comparison of MRI and clinical examination of acute lateral ankle sprains","volume":"17","author":"Frey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200304000-00001","article-title":"Patterns in childhood sports injury","volume":"19","author":"Damore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(22)03015-8","article-title":"Common ankle injuries in the athlete","volume":"26","author":"Ruda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657700500606","article-title":"The frequency of injury, mechanism of injury, and epidemiology of ankle sprains","volume":"5","author":"Garrick","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2005.02.001","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment of foot and ankle injuries in runners","volume":"16","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib8","series-title":"Textbook of running medicine","first-page":"3","article-title":"Epidemiology of running injuries","author":"Epperly","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.2.95","article-title":"A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries","volume":"36","author":"Taunton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mop.0000150921.96790.0b","article-title":"Foot and ankle injuries in the adolescent runner","volume":"17","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2006.06.006","article-title":"Foot and ankle injuries in dance","volume":"17","author":"Kadel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0214","article-title":"Foot and ankle injuries in elite female gymnasts","volume":"28","author":"Chilvers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30359-X","article-title":"Sports injuries in the immature athlete","volume":"18","author":"Wojtys","year":"1987","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(03)00031-2","article-title":"Ankle and foot disorders in skeletally immature athletes","volume":"34","author":"Chambers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2005.10.005","article-title":"Sports injuries in the pediatric and adolescent foot and ankle: common overuse and acute presentations","volume":"23","author":"Pontell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S470","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199907001-00008","article-title":"Foot and ankle problems in the young athlete","volume":"31","author":"Omney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400608","article-title":"Tarsal coalition in the young athlete","volume":"14","author":"Elkus","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700416","article-title":"Tarsal coalition: a follow-up of adolescent athletes","volume":"17","author":"O'Neill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib19","series-title":"Introduction to the anatomy and physiology of children","first-page":"17","article-title":"The skeletal system","author":"MacGregor","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(03)00006-3","article-title":"Overuse injuries in pediatric athletes","volume":"34","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31029-2","article-title":"Introduction to overuse injuries","volume":"6","author":"Herring","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib22","series-title":"Pediatric and adolescent sports medicine, vol 3","first-page":"94","article-title":"Overuse injuries","author":"Stanitski","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31352-3","article-title":"Overuse injuries in children's sports: the growth factor","volume":"14","author":"Micheli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1522-5720(03)00011-4","article-title":"Musculoskeletal injuries in young athletes","volume":"5","author":"Carr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib25","series-title":"Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders","first-page":"3686","article-title":"Osteochondroses","author":"Resnick","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70308-2","article-title":"Chondral and osteochondral injuries: diagnosis and management","volume":"20","author":"Farmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30763-8","article-title":"Stress fractures","volume":"9","author":"Hershman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32007-1","article-title":"Stress fractures in the athlete","volume":"26","author":"Monteleone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70018-1","article-title":"Stress fractures in the pediatric athlete","volume":"16","author":"Coady","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib30","first-page":"251","article-title":"Common stress fractures","volume":"1","author":"Beck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378880","article-title":"Stress fractures in young athletes","volume":"98","author":"Orava","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib32","first-page":"798","article-title":"Athletic stress fractures. Part I: history, epidemiology, physiology, risk factors, radiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Verma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B1.8300674","article-title":"Youth as a risk factor for stress fracture: a study of 783 infantry recruits","volume":"76-B","author":"Milgrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.5.779","article-title":"Nutrition and the incidence of stress fractures in ballet dancers","volume":"51","author":"Frusztajer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900617","article-title":"Stress fractures: identifiable risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Giladi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668070-00018","article-title":"Effect of intense physical activity on the bone-mineral content in the lower limbs of young adults","volume":"68","author":"Margulies","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31584-4","article-title":"Management of sports injuries in children and adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Stanitski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30990-X","article-title":"Radiographic evaluation of foot and ankle injuries in the athlete","volume":"6","author":"Rettig","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500107","article-title":"Stress fractures in athletes: a study of 320 cases","volume":"15","author":"Matheson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib40","first-page":"599","article-title":"Foot and ankle injuries and disorders","volume":"9","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adolescent Medicine State of the Art Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1922.01110100060003","article-title":"Classification and mechanism of fractures of the leg bones involving the ankle","volume":"4","author":"Ashhurst","year":"1922","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365040-00002","article-title":"Fractures of the distal tibial epiphysis in adolescence","volume":"65","author":"Dias","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197810000-00032","article-title":"Physical injuries of the ankle in children","volume":"136","author":"Dias","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678308992902","article-title":"Children's ankle fractures","volume":"54","author":"Landin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1950.01250010980011","article-title":"Fractures of the ankle. II: combined experimental surgical and experimental roentgenologic investigations","volume":"60","author":"Lauge-Hansen","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345030-00019","article-title":"Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate","volume":"45","author":"Salter","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib47","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Growth plate injuries: Salter-Harris classification","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00222-7","article-title":"Epiphyseal injuries of the foot and ankle","volume":"4","author":"Devalentine","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600507","article-title":"Distal tibial epiphyseal injuries: the role of athletics in 53 cases","volume":"6","author":"Goldberg","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib50","series-title":"Essentials of musculoskeletal care","article-title":"Pediatric orthopedics: fractures of the growth plate","author":"Pizzutillo","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000217714.80233.0b","article-title":"Salter-Harris I and II fractures of the distal tibia: does mechanism of injury relate to premature physeal closure?","volume":"26","author":"Rohmiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib52","series-title":"Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis","first-page":"379","article-title":"The ankle-foot complex","author":"Norkin","year":"1992"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701010","article-title":"Foot and ankle kinematics and ground reaction forces during ambulation","volume":"27","author":"Kitaoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib54","first-page":"381","article-title":"Lateral ankle sprains. Part I: anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis, and natural history","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1249\/00149619-200310000-00004","article-title":"Current treatment options for ankle injuries: lateral ankle sprain, Achilles tendonitis, and Achilles rupture","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2004.11.002","article-title":"Clinical examination of the foot and ankle","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib57","series-title":"Musculoskeletal physical examination: an evidence-based approach","first-page":"315","article-title":"Physical examination of the foot and ankle","author":"Hyman","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib58","series-title":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review","first-page":"131","article-title":"Musculoskeletal medicine","author":"Brown","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200304000-00003","article-title":"Evaluation of the Ottawa ankle rules in children","volume":"19","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82656-3","article-title":"A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries","volume":"21","author":"Stiell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199507000-00001","article-title":"Ankle pain in children: diagnostic evaluation and clinical decision making","volume":"3","author":"Churchill","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"9299","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07218-X","article-title":"Sensitivity of a clinical examination to predict need for radiography in children with ankle injuries: a prospective study","volume":"358","author":"Boutis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400606","article-title":"Treatment of ankle sprains in young athletes","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib64","first-page":"504","article-title":"Lateral ankle sprains. Part II: acute and chronic treatment","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orhtop Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S438","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199907001-00005","article-title":"Lateral ankle sprains: a comprehensive review. Part 2: treatment and rehabilitation with an emphasis on the athlete","volume":"31","author":"Safran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib66","series-title":"Practical guide to musculoskeletal disorders: diagnosis and rehabilitation","first-page":"229","article-title":"Lower leg, ankle and foot","author":"Stonnington","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31874-5","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the foot and ankle","volume":"25","author":"Mascaro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199907001-00004","article-title":"Lateral ankle sprains: a comprehensive review part 1: etiology, pathoanatomy, histopathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Safran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib69","first-page":"545","article-title":"Ankle and foot injuries in the pediatric athlete","volume":"42","author":"Sullivan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib70","series-title":"The pediatric athlete","first-page":"211","article-title":"The osteochondroses","author":"Pizzutillo","year":"1990"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062010-00014","article-title":"Osteochondral lesions of the talus","volume":"62","author":"Canale","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib72","series-title":"Orthopedic sports medicine: principles and practice","first-page":"2587","article-title":"Osteochondroses and related problems of the foot and ankle","author":"Canale","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195941060-00002","article-title":"Transchondral fractures (osteochondritis dissecans) of the talus","volume":"41","author":"Brendt","year":"1959","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib74","series-title":"Orthopedic sports medicine: principles and practice","first-page":"2190","article-title":"Imaging of sports injuries of the foot and ankle","author":"Smith","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib75","series-title":"Orthopedic sports medicine: principles and practice","first-page":"2376","article-title":"Ligament injuries of the foot\/ankle in the pediatric athlete","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib76","first-page":"164","article-title":"Observations on symptomatic medial malleolar ossification centers","volume":"13","author":"Stanitski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib77","series-title":"The pediatric athlete","first-page":"187","article-title":"Injuries to the leg, ankle and foot","author":"Hunter-Griffin","year":"1990"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860080-00003","article-title":"Tibial fractures involving the ankle in children","volume":"60","author":"Cooperman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197207000-00029","article-title":"The triplane distal epiphyseal fracture","volume":"86","author":"Lynn","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.153.3.6494474","article-title":"Triplane fracture of the distal tibial epiphysis","volume":"153","author":"Cone","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200102000-00005","article-title":"Tarsal coalition","volume":"13","author":"Bohne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197206000-00005","article-title":"Talocalcaneal coalition and new causes of peroneal spastic flatfoot","volume":"85","author":"Cowell","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70308-0","article-title":"Imaging of pediatric foot disorders","volume":"39","author":"Harty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000508","article-title":"Os trigonum impingement in dancers","volume":"20","author":"Marotta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078200300202","article-title":"Talar compression syndrome in dancers","volume":"3","author":"Quirk","year":"1982","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(03)00004-8","article-title":"Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy","volume":"22","author":"Maffulli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/epem.2002.126514","article-title":"Overuse injuries in the pediatric athlete: evaluation, initial management, and strategies for prevention","volume":"3","author":"Christopher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-93-3-234","article-title":"Plantar fasciitis: a degenerative process (fasciosis) without inflammation","volume":"93","author":"Lemont","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib89","series-title":"Orthopedic sports medicine: principles and practice","first-page":"2446","article-title":"Heel pain","author":"Wapner","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078901000310","article-title":"The painful accessory navicular: a clinical and histopathological study","volume":"10","author":"Grogan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679908997852","article-title":"Tibialis posterior tendon abnormalities in feet with accessory navicular bone and flat foot","volume":"70","author":"Kitter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00176-1","article-title":"The accessory navicular","volume":"9","author":"Ugolini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70016-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and site specificity of stress fractures","volume":"16","author":"Bennell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000606","article-title":"Outcome of conservative and surgical management of navicular stress fracture and athletes","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000057993.41099.d5","article-title":"Bilateral Kohler's disease in identical twins","volume":"409","author":"Tsirikos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198107000-00008","article-title":"Kohler's disease of the tarsal navicular","volume":"158","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400611","article-title":"Osteochondrosis of the navicular: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Sharp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200109000-00004","article-title":"Pediatric foot fractures: evaluation and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Kay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib99","series-title":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation: principles and practice and practice","first-page":"873","article-title":"Foot disorders","author":"Kolodin","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300061901","article-title":"Classification, investigation and management of midfoot sprains","volume":"30","author":"Nunley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.10.002","article-title":"Lisfranc injury: how frequently does it get missed? And how can we improve?","volume":"38","author":"Sherief","year":"2007","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00003-2","article-title":"Complications of missed or untreated Lisfranc injuries","volume":"8","author":"Philbin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin N Am"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965107001192?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965107001192?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:30:51Z","timestamp":1760931051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965107001192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965107001192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Common Injuries of the Foot and Ankle in the Child and Adolescent Athlete","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.11.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}