{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:09:49Z","timestamp":1791079789345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,13]],"date-time":"2008-07-13T04:34:29Z","timestamp":1215923669000},"page":"441-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Glial Cells in ALS: The Missing Link?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Elsa","family":"Raibon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa Marie","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.3.512","article-title":"How amyotrophic lateral sclerosis got its name: the clinical-pathologic genius of Jean-Martin Charcot","volume":"58","author":"Rowland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib2","series-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Brown","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144244","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanisms involved in motor neuron degeneration in ALS","volume":"27","author":"Bruijn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820310011250","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review of current concepts","volume":"4","author":"Strong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/35097565","article-title":"From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS","volume":"2","author":"Cleveland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I7","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050552","article-title":"The role of excitotoxicity in ALS\u2014what is the evidence?","volume":"247","author":"Ludolph","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050551","article-title":"Oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"247","author":"Robberecht","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161151","article-title":"Molecular factors underlying selective vulnerability of motor neurons to neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"247","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200504250-00001","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Weydt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180711","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a multifactorial disease","volume":"18","author":"Eisen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000173889.71434.ea","article-title":"The pathobiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a proteinopathy?","volume":"64","author":"Strong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.03.027","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"176","author":"Dhib-Jalbut","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10049-7","article-title":"Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS","volume":"19","author":"Kreutzberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.07.001","article-title":"Microglial senescence: does the brain's immune system have an expiration date?","volume":"29","author":"Streit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00069-0","article-title":"Reactive microgliosis","volume":"57","author":"Streit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612805666230111212056","article-title":"Brain inflammation in Alzheimer disease and the therapeutic implications","volume":"5","author":"McGeer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib17","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10154","article-title":"Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS","volume":"40","author":"Streit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5726","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110647","article-title":"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo","volume":"308","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib20","series-title":"Microglia in the degenerating and regenerating CNS","article-title":"Microglia as a source and target of cytokines activities in the brain","author":"Hanisch","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00794-8","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative disease\u2014a double-edged sword","volume":"35","author":"Wyss-Coray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20557","article-title":"Astrocyte glycogen and brain energy metabolism","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00049.2005","article-title":"Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling","volume":"86","author":"Haydon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20367","article-title":"Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytes","volume":"54","author":"Montana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-29784-7_14","article-title":"Regulation and dysregulation of glutamate transporters","volume":"175","author":"Sattler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1107","article-title":"Immune function of astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.01.005","article-title":"Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity","volume":"28","author":"Farina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21325","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and regulation of glial glutamate uptake in neurological disorders","volume":"85","author":"Tilleux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-007-0036-8","article-title":"Neuronal chemokines: versatile messengers in central nervous system cell interaction","volume":"36","author":"de Haas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050535","article-title":"Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a mutation in exon 4 of the Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase gene: pathological and immunocytochemical changes","volume":"92","author":"Ince","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib32","first-page":"691","article-title":"Immunologic reactions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain and spinal cord tissue","volume":"140","author":"Kawamata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib33","series-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","first-page":"83","article-title":"Neuropathology of ALS","author":"Ince","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.012","article-title":"Evidence of widespread cerebral microglial activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an [11C](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.7.1282","article-title":"Immune reactivity in a mouse model of familial ALS correlates with disease progression","volume":"57","author":"Alexianu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199807)23:3<249::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Relationship of microglial and astrocytic activation to disease onset and progression in a transgenic model of familial ALS","volume":"23","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1252","article-title":"Disease mechanisms revealed by transcription profiling in SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse spinal cord","volume":"50","author":"Olsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-3042.2001.00683.x","article-title":"Differential expression of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes in spinal cords of a mutant SOD1 transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00242-X","article-title":"Cytokine upregulation in a murine model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Elliott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1256","article-title":"Induction of proinflammatory molecules in mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: no requirement for proapoptotic interleukin-1beta in neurodegeneration","volume":"50","author":"Nguyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00968.x","article-title":"Temporal patterns of cytokine and apoptosis-related gene expression in spinal cords of the G93A-SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Hensley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(20010201)49:2<176::AID-ANA37>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Increased expression of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Almer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820410017091","article-title":"Temporal gene expression patterns in G93A\/SOD1 mouse","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200411150-00016","article-title":"Expression of neuroinflammatory mediators and growth factors in the spinal cord of the G93A SOD1 transgenic rats","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188907.97339.76","article-title":"Elevated IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in patients with ALS: inflammation or hypoxia?","volume":"65","author":"Moreau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000089623","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new developments in diagnostic markers","volume":"2","author":"Dengler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00905-4","article-title":"Motoneuron death triggered by a specific pathway downstream of Fas. potentiation by ALS-linked SOD1 mutations","volume":"35","author":"Raoul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06873.x","article-title":"Culture models of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"919","author":"Figlewicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.02.004","article-title":"Activated microglial supernatant induced motor neuron cytotoxicity is associated with upregulation of the TNFR1 receptor","volume":"55","author":"Wen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540010026013","article-title":"Lymphocytic infiltrates in the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Engelhardt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02065.x","article-title":"T cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Holmoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)46025-1","article-title":"Role of nerve growth factor and other trophic factors in brain inflammation","volume":"146","author":"Villoslada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1080\/146608201300079454","article-title":"Motoneuron cell death and neurotrophic factors: basic models for development of new therapeutic strategies in ALS","volume":"2","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/88842","article-title":"Deletion of the hypoxia-response element in the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter causes motor neuron degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Oosthuyse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00372-0","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors and axonal growth","volume":"12","author":"Markus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.04.004","article-title":"VEGF: necessary to prevent motoneuron degeneration, sufficient to treat ALS?","volume":"10","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2003.11.006","article-title":"VEGF and ALS: the luckiest growth factor?","volume":"10","author":"Greenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"5642","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086071","article-title":"Wild-type nonneuronal cells extend survival of SOD1 mutant motor neurons in ALS mice","volume":"302","author":"Clement","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5778","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123511","article-title":"Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia","volume":"312","author":"Boillee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607423103","article-title":"Wild-type microglia extend survival in PU.1 knockout mice with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Beers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20062","article-title":"Increased cytotoxic potential of microglia from ALS-transgenic mice","volume":"48","author":"Weydt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04677.x","article-title":"Mutant SOD1(G93A) microglia are more neurotoxic relative to wild-type microglia","volume":"102","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1603","article-title":"Chromogranin-mediated secretion of mutant superoxide dismutase proteins linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Urushitani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402241","article-title":"ALS: astrocytes take center stage, but must they share the spotlight?","volume":"14","author":"Knott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"5823","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.316.5823.353a","article-title":"Neuroscience. Astrocytes secrete substance that kills motor neurons in ALS","volume":"316","author":"Holden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0507-535","article-title":"ALS: astrocytes move in as deadly neighbors","volume":"10","author":"Julien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib67","first-page":"348","article-title":"Excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Rothstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.05.002","article-title":"The role of excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1762","author":"Van Den Bosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1876","article-title":"Astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutated SOD1 release factors selectively toxic to motor neurons","volume":"10","author":"Nagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib70","author":"Als-Tdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15262","article-title":"Clinical trials in ALS: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.03.009","article-title":"Targets in ALS: designing multidrug therapies","volume":"27","author":"Carri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000223353.34006.54","article-title":"Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in ALS: a systematic assessment","volume":"67","author":"Traynor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820310002601","article-title":"Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)\/motor neuron disease (MND)","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10191","article-title":"Inflammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"McGeer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-002-0073-7","article-title":"Transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative disease: opportunities for therapeutic development","volume":"2","author":"Jankowsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.03.006","article-title":"Transgenic mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1762","author":"Julien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.12.015","article-title":"Lost in translation: treatment trials in the SOD1 mouse and in human ALS","volume":"26","author":"Benatar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10561","article-title":"Of mice and men: reconciling preclinical ALS mouse studies and human clinical trials","volume":"53","author":"Rothstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib80","first-page":"1720","article-title":"Neuro-inflammation as a therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Weydt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.10.003","article-title":"SOD1 overexpression alters ROS production and reduces neurotoxic inflammatory signaling in microglial cells","volume":"182","author":"Dimayuga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00204-1","article-title":"Cyclooxygenases and prostaglandins: shaping up the immune response","volume":"2","author":"Rocca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1225","article-title":"COX-2 and beyond: approaches to prostaglandin inhibition in human disease","volume":"2","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.6.2317","article-title":"COX-2, a synaptically induced enzyme, is expressed by excitatory neurons at postsynaptic sites in rat cerebral cortex","volume":"93","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.12.009","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, COX-2, and ALS\u2014a dual role?","volume":"187","author":"Consilvio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-001-0289-z","article-title":"Prostaglandins as inflammatory messengers across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"80","author":"Engblom","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02449-1","article-title":"Prostaglandin E(2) induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in rat cortical cells","volume":"317","author":"Takadera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02242.x","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in LPS-induced production of prostaglandin E2 in microglia","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00102.x","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 is increased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"108","author":"Ilzecka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.8.1277","article-title":"Increased levels of the pro-inflammatory prostaglandin PGE2 in CSF from ALS patients","volume":"58","author":"Almer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-004-0826-2","article-title":"Increased expression of neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis both with and without dementia","volume":"107","author":"Yokota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.6.952","article-title":"Marked increase in cyclooxygenase-2 in ALS spinal cord: implications for therapy","volume":"57","author":"Yasojima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10374","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition protects motor neurons and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of ALS","volume":"52","author":"Drachman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0876fje","article-title":"A therapeutic role for cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Pompl","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:21:3:191","article-title":"Additive neuroprotective effects of creatine and a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor against dopamine depletion in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Klivenyi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20903","article-title":"Trial of celecoxib in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Cudkowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15769","article-title":"Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia","volume":"95","author":"Yrjanheikki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13496","article-title":"A tetracycline derivative, minocycline, reduces inflammation and protects against focal cerebral ischemia with a wide therapeutic window","volume":"96","author":"Yrjanheikki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306239101","article-title":"Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury","volume":"101","author":"Teng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02580.2001","article-title":"Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia","volume":"21","author":"Tikka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7527","article-title":"Minocycline provides neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia","volume":"166","author":"Tikka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01763.2002","article-title":"Blockade of microglial activation is neuroprotective in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0487","article-title":"Minocycline slows disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Kriz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200206120-00018","article-title":"Minocycline delays disease onset and mortality in a transgenic model of ALS","volume":"13","author":"Van Den Bosch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"6884","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/417074a","article-title":"Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice","volume":"417","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125321.92112.7E","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase I\/II studies of minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0474-x","article-title":"Minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Pontieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1989","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders","volume":"7","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401769","article-title":"HATs and HDACs in neurodegeneration: a tale of disconcerted acetylation homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03077.x","article-title":"Sodium phenylbutyrate prolongs survival and regulates expression of anti-apoptotic genes in transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice","volume":"93","author":"Ryu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820510033614","article-title":"Valproate and HDAC inhibition: a new epigenetic strategy to mitigate phenotypic severity in ALS?","volume":"6","author":"Tremolizzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(04)03309-4","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: new drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases?","volume":"10","author":"Blanchard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.14.167","article-title":"Phase I study of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib114","first-page":"966","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors as novel anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"7","author":"Adcock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052702999","article-title":"The antitumor histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid exhibits antiinflammatory properties via suppression of cytokines","volume":"99","author":"Leoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9423","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16308-3","article-title":"Thalidomide","volume":"363","author":"Franks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(04)03307-0","article-title":"Thalidomide as a novel therapeutic agent: new uses for an old product","volume":"10","author":"Teo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5253-05.2006","article-title":"Thalidomide and Lenalidomide extend survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Kiaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib119","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animal Studies: CoQ10 I. 2003. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/studies\/animalStudyDetail.asp?studyType=internal&studyID=44."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib120","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animals studies: Prednisolone I. 2003. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/studies\/animalStudyDetail.asp?studyType=internal&studyID=170."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01602.x","article-title":"Immunosuppressive treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Werdelin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib122","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animals studies: Minocycline I II III. 2003. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/treatments\/treatmentDetail.asp?studyType=all&treatmentId=459."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.05.016","article-title":"Rise and fall of minocycline in neuroprotection: need to promote publication of negative results","volume":"189","author":"Diguet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10476","article-title":"Additive neuroprotective effects of minocycline with creatine in a mouse model of ALS","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70270-3","article-title":"Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib126","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animals studies: Thalidomide I\u2013IV. 2001\u20132005. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/treatments\/treatmentDetail.asp?studyType=internal&treatmentId=707."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib127","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animal Studies: Celebrex I\u2013III. 2001\u20132005. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/treatments\/treatmentDetail.asp?studyType=internal&treatmentId=137."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1244","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group","volume":"46","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-696","article-title":"Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"2","author":"Aebischer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e689","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000689","article-title":"GDNF secreting human neural progenitor cells protect dying motor neurons, but not their projection to muscle, in a rat model of familial ALS","volume":"2","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.08.028","article-title":"Muscle-derived but not centrally derived transgene GDNF is neuroprotective in G93A-SOD1 mouse model of ALS","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02544","article-title":"VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model","volume":"429","author":"Azzouz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.09.088","article-title":"VEGF reduces astrogliosis and preserves neuromuscular junctions in ALS transgenic mice","volume":"363","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1360","article-title":"Treatment of motoneuron degeneration by intracerebroventricular delivery of VEGF in a rat model of ALS","volume":"8","author":"Storkebaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.1.0128","article-title":"Life span extension and reduced neuronal death after weekly intraventricular cyclosporin injections in the G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"101","author":"Karlsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02181.x","article-title":"An ALS mouse model with a permeable blood-brain barrier benefits from systemic cyclosporine A treatment","volume":"88","author":"Kirkinezos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520280027011","article-title":"A double-blind study of the effectiveness of cyclosporine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Appel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200108280-00015","article-title":"Immunosuppressant FK506 does not exert beneficial effects in symptomatic G93A superoxide dismutase-1 transgenic mice","volume":"12","author":"Anneser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib139","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animals studies: Sodium Valproate I. 2001. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/studies\/animalStudyDetail.asp?studyType=internal&studyID=215."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib140","unstructured":"UMC Utrecht Clinical Trials Phase III. Sodium Valproate. 2005. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/studies\/currentClinicalTrialDetail.asp?studyID=18."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003_bib141","unstructured":"ALS-TDI. ALS TDI Animals studies: Trichostatin A I. 2002. Available at: http:\/\/www.als.net\/research\/studies\/animalStudyDetail.asp?studyType=internal&studyID=238."}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965108000296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965108000296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:31:42Z","timestamp":1760931102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965108000296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965108000296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glial Cells in ALS: The Missing Link?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}