{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:56:07Z","timestamp":1772150167048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]],"date-time":"2011-06-24T03:41:08Z","timestamp":1308886868000},"page":"301-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Hypertrophic Scar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(03)00067-6","article-title":"What is the prevalence of hypertrophic scarring following burns?","volume":"29","author":"Bombaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040234","article-title":"Hypertrophic scar formation following burns and trauma: new approaches to treatment","volume":"4","author":"Aarabi","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000226260.17523.22","article-title":"National Burn Repository 2005: a ten-year review","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700715","article-title":"Tissue engineering for cutaneous wounds","volume":"127","author":"Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2008.00457.x","article-title":"The pro-inflammatory environment in recalcitrant diabetic foot wounds","volume":"5","author":"Acosta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02317.x","article-title":"Direct triggers for ulceration in patients with venous insufficiency","volume":"44","author":"Shai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.66","article-title":"Occurrence and predictors of pressure ulcers during primary in-patient spinal cord injury rehabilitation","volume":"49","author":"Verschueren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-0952-8","article-title":"Keloid scarring: bench and bedside","volume":"301","author":"Seifert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0B013E318093E482","article-title":"Hypertrophic scar, wound contraction and hyper-hypopigmentation","volume":"28","author":"Engrav","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000075966.50533.B0","article-title":"Noncontact laser Doppler imaging in burn depth analysis of the extremities","volume":"24","author":"Riordan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.2001.00269.x","article-title":"Cones of skin occur where hypertrophic scar occurs","volume":"9","author":"Matsumura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00219.x","article-title":"Cellular and molecular pathology of HTS: basis for treatment","volume":"15","author":"Armour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181a28ddb","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and angiotensin in fibrosis and burn injuries","volume":"30","author":"Gabriel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200809000-00008","article-title":"Expression of Smad protein by normal skin fibroblasts and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts in response to transforming growth factor beta 1","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2009.05.014","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management of the burn scar","volume":"36","author":"Ladak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20782","article-title":"Fibroblast extracellular matrix gene expression in response to keratinocyte-releasable stratifin","volume":"98","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.3109\/09638280902874196a","article-title":"How to assess postsurgical scars: a review of outcome measures","volume":"31","author":"Vercelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199509000-00013","article-title":"The Vancouver Scar Scale: an administration tool and its interrater reliability","volume":"16","author":"Baryza","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-200021030-00005","article-title":"Rating the resolving hypertrophic scar: comparison of the Vancouver Scar Scale and scar volume","volume":"21","author":"Nedelec","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181710869","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of hypertrophic scar: intrarater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity","volume":"29","author":"Nedelec","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181b47cc2","article-title":"Burn therapists\u2019 opinion on the application and essential characteristics of a burn scar outcome measure","volume":"30","author":"Forbes-Duchart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e318191fd95","article-title":"Evidence based review for the treatment of post-burn pruritus","volume":"30","author":"Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006890212478","article-title":"Expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor-1 in normal and post-burn hypertrophic scar tissue in human","volume":"183","author":"Ghahary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181abfd43","article-title":"Sustained impairments in cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in grafted skin following long-term recovery","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181e4ca14","article-title":"Temperature responses in severely burned children during exercise in a hot environment","volume":"31","author":"McEntire","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65482-X","article-title":"Mechanical forces induce scar remodeling. Study in non-pressure-treated versus pressure-treated hypertrophic scars","volume":"155","author":"Costa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.10.052","article-title":"The effectiveness of pressure garment therapy for the prevention of abnormal scarring after burn injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Anzarut","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e318198a282","article-title":"Efficacy of naltrexone in the treatment of chronic refractory itching in burn patients: preliminary report of an open trial","volume":"30","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib29","first-page":"1507","article-title":"An open, randomized, controlled, comparative study of the combined effect of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and onion extract gel and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide alone in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"34","author":"Koc","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02631.x","article-title":"Intralesional triamcinolone alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars","volume":"34","author":"Darougheh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.07.016","article-title":"Prevention and curative management of hypertrophic scar formation","volume":"35","author":"Bloemen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(02)00280-2","article-title":"Pulsed dye laser treatment of burn scars. Alleviation or irritation?","volume":"29","author":"Allison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.04.024","article-title":"Inpatient rehabilitation following burn injury: patient demographics and functional outcomes","volume":"86","author":"Sliwa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.01.010","article-title":"Mechanical tension stimulates the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in human burn scars","volume":"34","author":"Junker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2009.41.12.096","article-title":"Fibroblasts in three dimensional matrices: cell migration and matrix remodeling","volume":"41","author":"Rhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/02844310151032592","article-title":"Effects of continuous stretching on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in human burn scars","volume":"35","author":"Kratz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2006.02.009","article-title":"An algorithm for the release of burn contractures of the extremities","volume":"32","author":"Hudson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(01)00006-7","article-title":"Free flaps in burn reconstruction","volume":"27","author":"De Lorenzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198809000-00008","article-title":"Artificial dermis for major burns. A multi-center randomized clinical trial","volume":"208","author":"Heimbach","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.05.008","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of tissue expansion in reconstructive burn surgery: evaluation of complication rates","volume":"34","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2007.0008","article-title":"Improvement in postburn hypertrophic scar after treatment with IFN-alpha2b is associated with decreased fibrocytes","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002_bib42","unstructured":"Gabriel V, Holavanahalli R. Burn Rehabilitation. In: Braddom R, editor. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 4th edition. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders."}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965111000192?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965111000192?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:33:31Z","timestamp":1760931211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965111000192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965111000192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hypertrophic Scar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}