{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1789811081130,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,11]],"date-time":"2011-12-11T12:07:03Z","timestamp":1323605223000},"page":"133-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Neuromuscular Ultrasonography: Quantifying Muscle and Nerve Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Mayans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis O.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.10.022","article-title":"Ultrasound of nerve and muscle","volume":"115","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib2","series-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound","first-page":"37","article-title":"Ultrasound of muscle","author":"Pillen","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib3","series-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound","first-page":"131","article-title":"Ultrasound of muscular dystrophies, myopathies, and muscle pathology","author":"Zaidman","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib4","series-title":"Aminoff's Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology","article-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound as a complement to the electrodiagnostic evaluation","author":"Walker","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib5","series-title":"Neurosonology","first-page":"397","article-title":"Normal neuromuscular sonography","author":"Walker","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3655143","article-title":"Acoustical assessment of body water balance","volume":"130","author":"Sarvazyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0961-9","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of human skeletal muscle size","volume":"91","author":"Reeves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00134-8","article-title":"Age-related muscle atrophy does not affect all muscles and can partly be compensated by physical activity: an ultrasound study","volume":"59","author":"Reimers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0061-0","article-title":"Prediction and validation of total and regional skeletal muscle mass by ultrasound in Japanese adults","volume":"96","author":"Sanada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)00037-8","article-title":"Calf enlargement in neuromuscular diseases: a quantitative ultrasound study in 350 patients and review of the literature","volume":"143","author":"Reimers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21015","article-title":"Muscle ultrasound in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"37","author":"Pillen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib12","series-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound","first-page":"1","article-title":"Basic principles of ultrasound","author":"Walker","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.02.009","article-title":"Effect of two lumbar spine postures on transversus abdominis muscle thickness during a voluntary contraction in people with and without low back pain","volume":"34","author":"Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3000","article-title":"Reliability and relationship between 2 measurements of transversus abdominis dimension taken during an abdominal drawing-in maneuver using a novel approach of ultrasound imaging","volume":"40","author":"Jhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21725","article-title":"Assessing contractile ability of the quadriceps muscle using ultrasound imaging","volume":"42","author":"Delaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.06.009","article-title":"Outer shape changes of human masseter with contraction by ultrasound morphometry","volume":"51","author":"Kubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib17","article-title":"Effect of range of motion on muscle strength and thickness","author":"Ronei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181fb4947","article-title":"Effects of regular heel-raise training aimed at the soleus muscle on dynamic balance associated with arm movement in elderly women","volume":"25","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000330","article-title":"Changes in muscle size, architecture, and neural activation after 20 days of bed rest with and without resistance exercise","volume":"84","author":"Kawakami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1513-8","article-title":"Neural and morphological changes in response to a 20-day intense eccentric training protocol","volume":"110","author":"Krentz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03230.x","article-title":"Increases in muscle volume after plantarflexor strength training in children with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"51","author":"McNee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181cbd35f","article-title":"Morphological changes after pelvic floor muscle training measured by 3-dimensional ultrasonography: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Braekken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(03)00129-8","article-title":"Muscle wasting and energy balance in critical illness","volume":"23","author":"Reid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.08.006","article-title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise responses in normoxia and hypoxia","volume":"156","author":"Downey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.2.405","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training improves lung function and exercise capacity in adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"126","author":"Enright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.3.345","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training on lung volumes, diaphragm thickness, and exercise capacity in subjects who are healthy","volume":"86","author":"Enright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00511.2003","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength training with non-respiratory maneuvers","volume":"96","author":"DePalo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib28","article-title":"Investigation of hand muscle atrophy in stroke survivors","author":"Triandafilou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21458","article-title":"Normal values for quantitative muscle ultrasonography in adults","volume":"41","author":"Arts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1728-8","article-title":"Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: is it related to walking ability?","volume":"111","author":"Ikezoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10384","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasonography of skeletal muscles in children: normal values","volume":"27","author":"Scholten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2070","article-title":"Muscle-specific atrophy of the quadriceps femoris with aging","volume":"90","author":"Trappe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21779","article-title":"Muscle ultrasound quantifies the rate of reduction of muscle thickness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.07.023","article-title":"Muscle changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a longitudinal ultrasonography study","volume":"122","author":"Arts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181eccf8f","article-title":"Assessing spinal muscular atrophy with quantitative ultrasound","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.200519","article-title":"Muscle ultrasonography to predict survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Arts","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.08.013","article-title":"Quantitative muscle ultrasonography in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Arts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.01029.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22035","article-title":"Peripheral nerve and muscle ultrasound in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Cartwright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(92)90113-N","article-title":"Imaging techniques in myotonic dystrophy. A comparative study of ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscles","volume":"15","author":"Schedel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171207","article-title":"Serial neurophysiological studies of intramuscular botulinum-A-toxin in humans","volume":"17","author":"Hamjian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.2001.0532","article-title":"Muscular mass assessed by ultrasonography after administration of low-dose corticosteroids and muscle relaxants in critically ill hemiplegic patients","volume":"21","author":"Moukas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e7419a","article-title":"Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults","volume":"25","author":"Candow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn407","article-title":"Sirolimus affects cardiomyocytes to reduce left ventricular mass in heart transplant recipients","volume":"29","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib45","first-page":"25","article-title":"Changes in cardiac muscle mass and function in hemodialysis patients during growth hormone treatment","volume":"53","author":"Jensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1993.12.2.73","article-title":"Skeletal muscle sonography: a correlative study of echogenicity and morphology","volume":"12","author":"Reimers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.133.3446.80","article-title":"To honor Feschner and to repeal his law: a power function, not a log function, describes the operating characteristic of a sensory system","volume":"133","author":"Stevens","year":"1961","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21052","article-title":"Calibrated quantitative ultrasound imaging of skeletal muscle using backscatter analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zaidman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2010.06.019","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasound using backscatter analysis in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"20","author":"Zaidman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22088","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative skeletal muscle ultrasound in late-onset acid maltase deficiency","volume":"44","author":"Zaidman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870160306","article-title":"Assessment of quadriceps femoris muscle atrophy and hypertrophy in neuromuscular disease in children","volume":"16","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Ultrasound"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870160305","article-title":"Measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness and subcutaneous tissue thickness in normal children by real-time ultrasound imaging","volume":"16","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/088307388700200307","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging and directed needle biopsy in the diagnosis of selective involvement in muscle disease","volume":"2","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91119-4","article-title":"Detecting the Duchenne carrier by ultrasound and computerized tomography","volume":"2","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80286-2","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of muscle disease","volume":"101","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92656-2","article-title":"Detection of pathological change in dystrophic muscle with B-scan ultrasound imaging","volume":"1","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2007.03.015","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of qualitative muscle ultrasound in assessment of suspected neuromuscular disease in childhood","volume":"17","author":"Brockmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2007.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative skeletal muscle ultrasound: diagnostic value in childhood neuromuscular disease","volume":"17","author":"Pillen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(99)00002-4","article-title":"Muscle ultrasound in the assessment of suspected neuromuscular disease in childhood","volume":"9","author":"Zuberi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.6.707","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasound to grade disease progression in murine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2010.04.003","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro mouse model in Duchenne muscular dystrophy diagnosis using 50-MHz ultrasound waves","volume":"50","author":"Laux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib62","unstructured":"Walker FO. Diagnostic ultrasound in neuromuscular disease. In: Shefner J, Dashe JF, editors. Available at: http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/diagnostic-ultrasound-in-neuromuscular-disease?source=search_result&search=neuromuscular+ultrasound&selectedTitle=1%7E150. Accessed November 28, 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib63","first-page":"688","article-title":"Surface recorded fasciculation potential characteristics","volume":"44","author":"Daube","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130108","article-title":"Sonographic imaging of muscle contraction and fasciculations: a comparison with electromyography","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318233b36a","article-title":"Ultrasonographic detection of fasciculations markedly increases diagnostic sensitivity of ALS","volume":"77","author":"Misawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318233b3c4","article-title":"Muscle ultrasound detects fasciculations and facilitates diagnosis in ALS","volume":"77","author":"Swash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib67","series-title":"Musculoskeletal ultrasound","first-page":"23","article-title":"Sonography of muscle","author":"van Holsbeeck","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib68","series-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound","first-page":"125","article-title":"Ultrasound of inflammatory myopathies","author":"Shook","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.1.209","article-title":"Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle","volume":"81","author":"Stamler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22067","article-title":"Median nerve changes following steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Cartwright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1715","article-title":"Predictors of carpal tunnel syndrome: accuracy of gray-scale and color Doppler sonography","volume":"186","author":"Mallouhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.06.042","article-title":"Combined Doppler and B-mode sonography in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"308","author":"Joy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21090","article-title":"Intraneural blood flow analysis during an intraoperative Phalen\u2019s test in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Yayama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib74","first-page":"223","article-title":"The effect of carpal tunnel release on median nerve flattening and nerve conduction","volume":"45","author":"El-Karabaty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.06.010","article-title":"Sonographic follow-up of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome undergoing surgical or nonsurgical treatment: prospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"V\u00f6gelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70006-8","article-title":"Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps [review]","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050584","article-title":"US and MR imaging of peripheral nerves in leprosy","volume":"29","author":"Martinoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.10.1427","article-title":"Sonographically guided nerve biopsy","volume":"24","author":"Lolge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.9.1201","article-title":"Role of ulnar nerve sonography in leprosy neuropathy with electrophysiologic correlation","volume":"28","author":"Elias","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200007)23:7<1105::AID-MUS14>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Skin and muscle vasomotor reflexes in detecting autonomic dysfunction in leprosy","volume":"23","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1991.10.10.531","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasonography of the carpal tunnel","volume":"10","author":"Buchberger","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ultrasound Med"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965111001082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965111001082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:33:42Z","timestamp":1760931222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965111001082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965111001082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuromuscular Ultrasonography: Quantifying Muscle and Nerve Measurements","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}