{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:12:43Z","timestamp":1792804363614,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T10:31:59Z","timestamp":1346236319000},"page":"675-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Prevention and Management of Limb Contractures in Neuromuscular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Skalsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(82)90104-2","article-title":"Architectural alterations of rat hind-limb skeletal muscles immobilized at different lengths","volume":"76","author":"Spector","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.4.475","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy: patterns of clinical progression and effects of supportive therapy","volume":"39","author":"Brooke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib3","first-page":"4","article-title":"Walter J. Zeiter Lecture: pathokinesiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: implications for management","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1981.tb08442.x","article-title":"The pathomechanics of gait in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Sutherland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib5","first-page":"150","article-title":"A\u00a0study of contractures in muscular dystrophy","volume":"40","author":"Archibald","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib6","first-page":"807","article-title":"Contractures in neuromuscular disease","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"288","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib7","first-page":"122","article-title":"Gait and posture changes in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy child","author":"Hsu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.06.002","article-title":"Gait pattern in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"29","author":"D'Angelo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509001-00003","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"74","author":"McDonald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/000992286400300520","article-title":"Progressive muscular dystrophy: prevention of deformities","volume":"3","author":"Dubowitz","year":"1964","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib11","first-page":"183","article-title":"Prevention of deformities","volume":"13","author":"Dubowitz","year":"1977","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib12","first-page":"322","article-title":"Rehabilitation management of muscular dystrophy and related disorders: II. Comprehensive care","volume":"63","author":"Fowler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880060502","article-title":"Physical models of rehabilitation in neuromuscular disease","volume":"6","author":"Vignos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320300014014","article-title":"Postural substitution in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy","volume":"247","author":"Siegel","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509001-00004","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Becker's muscular dystrophy","volume":"74","author":"McDonald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880050405","article-title":"Quantitation of muscle function in children: a prospective study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib17","first-page":"509","article-title":"Management of musculoskeletal complications in neuromuscular disease: limb contractures and the role of stretching, braces and surgery","volume":"2","author":"Vignos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil: State of the Art Reviews."},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib18","first-page":"S104","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Myotonic dystrophy","volume":"74","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib19","series-title":"Muscle disorders in childhood","author":"Dubowitz","year":"1995"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509001-00007","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy","volume":"74","author":"Kilmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509001-00009","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"74","author":"Carter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509001-00006","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Limb-girdle syndromes","volume":"74","author":"McDonald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181982bf6","article-title":"Orthopaedic manifestations of congenital myotonic dystrophy during childhood and adolescence","volume":"29","author":"Canavese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(93)90082-N","article-title":"Prospective study of spinal muscular atrophy before age 6 years. DCN\/SMA Group","volume":"9","author":"Iannaccone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199501000-00006","article-title":"Correlation of flexion contractures with upper extremity function and pain for spinal muscular atrophy and congenital myopathy patients","volume":"74","author":"Willig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5604\/15093492.933792","article-title":"Contractures of the lower extremities in spinal muscular atrophy type II. Descriptive clinical study with retrospective data collection","volume":"13","author":"Fujak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib27","first-page":"410","article-title":"Contractures of the upper extremities in spinal muscular atrophy type II. Descriptive clinical study with retrospective data collection","volume":"12","author":"Fujak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199509001-00008","article-title":"Profiles of neuromuscular diseases. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, types I and II","volume":"74","author":"Carter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib29","article-title":"Interventions for increasing ankle range of motion in patients with neuromuscular disease","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003908.pub3","article-title":"Rehabilitation interventions for foot\u00a0drop in neuromuscular disease","author":"Sackley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib31","article-title":"Treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib32","first-page":"177","article-title":"Prevention of deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A prospective study of passive stretching and splintage","volume":"67","author":"Scott","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib33","series-title":"An approach to rehabilitation of children with muscular dystrophy, Proceedings of the First and Second Medical Conferences of the MDAA, Inc","author":"Abramson","year":"1953"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510070040004","article-title":"Loss of strength and functional decline in Duchenne's dystrophy","volume":"38","author":"Allsop","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/54.1.4","article-title":"Childhood progressive muscular dystrophy and the role of physical therapy","volume":"54","author":"Harris","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib36","first-page":"286","article-title":"Progression of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"66","author":"Seeger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.66B4.6746690","article-title":"The management of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"66","author":"Williams","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib38","series-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","first-page":"457","article-title":"Rehabilitation in the myopathies","author":"Vignos","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(60)90105-3","article-title":"Maintenance of ambulation in childhood muscular dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Vignos","year":"1960","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chronic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03700150043007","article-title":"Management of progressive muscular dystrophy in childhood","volume":"184","author":"Vignos","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(06)70028-9","article-title":"Night splinting does not increase ankle range of motion in people with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a randomised, cross-over trial","volume":"52","author":"Refshauge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib42","first-page":"113","article-title":"Serial night casting increases ankle dorsiflexion range in children and young adults with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease:\u00a0a randomised trial","volume":"56","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31814c3e9e","article-title":"Predicting outcomes in the orthotic management of painful, idiopathic pes cavus","volume":"17","author":"Crosbie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196244020-00002","article-title":"Bracing for ambulation in childhood progressive muscular dystrophy","volume":"44","author":"Spencer","year":"1962","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2011.06.006","article-title":"Combination of steroids and ischial weight-bearing knee ankle foot orthoses in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy prolongs ambulation past 20 years of age: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Pardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1985.tb03763.x","article-title":"Prolongation of walking in Duchenne muscular dystrophy with lightweight orthoses: review of 57 cases","volume":"27","author":"Heckmatt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215500cr319oa","article-title":"The effects of knee-ankle-foot orthoses in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Bakker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2006.07.002","article-title":"Knee-ankle-foot orthosis in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: user views and adjustment","volume":"10","author":"Garralda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03210080136030","article-title":"Surgery in muscular dystrophy","volume":"222","author":"Eyring","year":"1972","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196850070-00013","article-title":"Subcutaneous lower limb tenotomy in the treatment of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy. Description of technique and presentation of twenty-one cases","volume":"50","author":"Siegel","year":"1968","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749060-00021","article-title":"Orthopaedic care of progressive muscular dystrophy","volume":"49","author":"Spencer","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(06)80009-X","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of early surgery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"2","author":"Manzur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib53","first-page":"95","article-title":"Should foot surgery be performed for children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?","volume":"25","author":"Leitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2008.11.013","article-title":"Cavus foot reconstruction in 3 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.03.009","article-title":"The Cole midfoot osteotomy: a retrospective review of 11 procedures in 8 patients","volume":"43","author":"Tullis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.02.003","article-title":"Neuromuscular issues in cavovarus foot","volume":"13","author":"Krause","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"issue":"123","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197703000-00022","article-title":"A\u00a0simple test for hindfoot flexibility in the cavovarus foot","author":"Coleman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200202000-00009","article-title":"Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies","volume":"14","author":"Do","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965112000484?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965112000484?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:33:58Z","timestamp":1760931238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965112000484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965112000484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevention and Management of Limb Contractures in Neuromuscular Diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}