{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1793209672183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T23:18:09Z","timestamp":1406157489000},"page":"631-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Functional Electrical Stimulation and Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Chester H.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Triolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia L.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin L.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony F.","family":"DiMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kath","family":"Bogie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert H.","family":"Vette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa L.","family":"Audu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Kobetic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Dukelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Bourbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Brose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelma H.T.","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian K.","family":"Mushahwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/51.897831","article-title":"Surface-stimulation technology for grasping and walking neuroprostheses","volume":"20","author":"Popovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102091","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: current use, therapeutic effects and future directions","volume":"46","author":"Ragnarsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11753666","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation for walking in paraplegia: 17-year follow-up of 2 cases","volume":"26","author":"Agarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/10.8670","article-title":"A\u00a0spiral nerve cuff electrode for peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Naples","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02364272","article-title":"Histologic and physiologic evaluation of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: considerations for the selection of parameters","volume":"17","author":"Agnew","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2002.806840","article-title":"Functionally selective peripheral nerve stimulation with a flat interface nerve electrode","volume":"10","author":"Tyler","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/86.559349","article-title":"A\u00a0slowly penetrating interfascicular nerve electrode for selective activation of peripheral nerves","volume":"5","author":"Tyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53815-4.00004-2","article-title":"Intraspinal microstimulation for the recovery of function following spinal cord injury","volume":"194","author":"Bamford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib9","first-page":"241","article-title":"Long-term user perceptions of an implanted neuroprosthesis for exercise, standing, and transfers after spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Agarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518","article-title":"Neural stimulation and recording electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Cogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1581292","article-title":"Criteria for the selection of materials for implanted electrodes","volume":"31","author":"Geddes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026028","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/2\/026028","article-title":"Quantifying long-term microelectrode array functionality using chronic in\u00a0vivo impedance testing","volume":"9","author":"Prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2265877","article-title":"A\u00a0flexible base electrode array for intraspinal microstimulation","volume":"60","author":"Khaled","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124927","article-title":"Implanted neural interfaces: biochallenges and engineered solutions","volume":"11","author":"Grill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80160-2","article-title":"Tendon transfers and functional electrical stimulation for reconstruction of hand function in spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Keith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30155-4","article-title":"Functional neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Chae","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2001.00165.x","article-title":"Command and control interfaces for advanced neuroprosthetic applications","volume":"4","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02441554","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation of the upper limb: charting the forearm surface","volume":"17","author":"Nathan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1179\/016164102101200311","article-title":"Neuroprostheses for grasping","volume":"24","author":"Popovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101822","article-title":"Functional electrical therapy: retraining grasping in spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"Popovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25910","article-title":"Efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring hand grasp in tetraplegia: a multicenter study","volume":"82","author":"Peckham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90123-5","article-title":"Satisfaction and usage of a hand neuroprosthesis","volume":"80","author":"Wuolle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101373","article-title":"The functional impact of the Freehand system on tetraplegic hand function, clinical results","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.01.007","article-title":"An implanted upper extremity neuroprosthesis utilizing myoelectric control","volume":"33","author":"Kilgore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2079952","article-title":"Design and testing of an advanced implantable neuroprosthesis with myoelectric control","volume":"19","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2245128","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in restoring function after paralysis","volume":"60","author":"Peckham","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311410067","article-title":"A\u00a0novel command signal for motor neuroprosthetic control","volume":"25","author":"Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.127209","article-title":"Assistive technology and robotic control using motor cortex ensemble-based neural interface systems in humans with tetraplegia","volume":"579","author":"Donoghue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2006216","article-title":"Evaluation of head orientation and neck muscle EMG signals as command inputs to a human-computer interface for individuals with high tetraplegia","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.08.0156","article-title":"An exploratory study of perceived quality of life with implanted standing neuroprostheses","volume":"49","author":"Rohde","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753774","article-title":"Clinical applications of electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Creasey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.01.001","article-title":"Longitudinal performance of a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis for lower extremity exercise, standing, and transfers after spinal cord injury","volume":"93","author":"Triolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-25","article-title":"Comparing joint kinematics and center of mass acceleration for feedback control of standing by functional neuromuscular stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Nataraj","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/4\/3\/S05","article-title":"New functional electrical stimulation approaches to standing and walking","volume":"4","author":"Mushahwar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1109\/86.808942","article-title":"Implanted functional electrical stimulation system for mobility in paraplegia: a follow-up case report","volume":"7","author":"Kobetic","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29077.x","article-title":"Sensory supported FES control in gait training of incomplete spinal cord injury persons","volume":"29","author":"Cikajlo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.03.0333","article-title":"Walking after incomplete spinal cord injury with an implanted FES system","volume":"44","author":"Hardin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.03.0034","article-title":"Neuroprosthetic and neurotherapeutic effects of implanted electrical stimulation for ambulation after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3086356","article-title":"Gait initiation with electromyographically triggered electrical stimulation in people with partial paralysis","volume":"131","author":"Dutta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838100-00003","article-title":"Oxygen consumption during functional electrical stimulation-assisted exercise in persons with spinal cord injury: implications for fitness and health","volume":"38","author":"Hettinga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000101","article-title":"Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Sadowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.902225","article-title":"Ambulation after incomplete spinal cord injury with EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation","volume":"55","author":"Dutta","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2003390","article-title":"Standing after spinal cord injury with four contact nerve-cuff electrodes for quadriceps stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-25","article-title":"Optimization of selective stimulation parameters for multi-contact electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.12.020","article-title":"Posture shifting after spinal cord injury using functional neuromuscular stimulation \u2013 a computer simulation study","volume":"44","author":"Audu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.07.0087","article-title":"Development of a hybrid orthosis for standing, walking and stair climbing after spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Kobetic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2004.827222","article-title":"The effects of trunk stimulation on bimanual seated workspace","volume":"12","author":"Kukke","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00729.2002","article-title":"Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Spungen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185081","article-title":"Postural muscle responses in the spinal cord injured persons during forward reaching","volume":"42","author":"Potten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.025","article-title":"Respiratory effects of combined truncal and abdominal support in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Hart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203000-00009","article-title":"Seated lumbar\/pelvic alignment. A comparison between spinal cord-injured and noninjured groups","volume":"17","author":"Hobson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80662-8","article-title":"Functional reach in wheelchair users: the effects of trunk and lower extremity stabilization","volume":"76","author":"Curtis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00266512","article-title":"Studies on spinal braces. With special reference to the effects of increased abdominal pressure","volume":"9","author":"Ueyoshi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.03.025","article-title":"The effects of combined trunk and gluteal neuromuscular electrical stimulation on posture and tissue health in spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.02.023","article-title":"Effects of stimulating hip and trunk muscles on seated stability, posture, and reach after spinal cord injury","volume":"94","author":"Triolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.04.010","article-title":"Effects of intramuscular trunk stimulation on manual wheelchair propulsion mechanics in 6 subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"94","author":"Triolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200104000-00035","article-title":"Surgical technique for installing an 8-channel neuroprosthesis for standing","volume":"4","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.11.023","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive three-dimensional dynamic model of the human head and trunk for estimating lumbar and cervical joint torques and forces from upper body kinematics","volume":"34","author":"Vette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.09.0200","article-title":"Feasibility of a closed-loop controller for righting seated posture after spinal cord injury","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2011.08.005","article-title":"US skin disease assessment: ulcer and wound care","volume":"30","author":"Markova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04106.x","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: results from the national Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System study","volume":"60","author":"Lyder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000363550.82058.7f","article-title":"The demographics of suspected deep tissue injury in the United States: an analysis of the International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Survey 2006-2009","volume":"23","author":"VanGilder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib64","unstructured":"Mushahwar VK, Solis L. Mitigation of pressure ulcers using electrical stimulation. US patent application 12\/362,725, Jan 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0193-1","article-title":"Effects of intermittent electrical stimulation on superficial pressure, tissue oxygenation, and discomfort levels for the prevention of deep tissue injury","volume":"39","author":"Solis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00661.2010","article-title":"Intermittent electrical stimulation redistributes pressure and promotes tissue oxygenation in loaded muscles of individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"110","author":"Gyawali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0529-0","article-title":"Distribution of internal pressure around bony prominences: implications to deep tissue injury and effectiveness of intermittent electrical stimulation","volume":"40","author":"Solis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00257.2012","article-title":"Prevention of deep tissue injury through muscle contractions induced by intermittent electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury in pigs","volume":"114","author":"Solis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.11.020","article-title":"Long term prevention of pressure ulcers in high risk individuals: a single case study of the use of gluteal neuromuscular electrical stimulation","volume":"87","author":"Bogie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.11.0469","article-title":"The effects of regular use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on tissue health","volume":"40","author":"Bogie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib71","first-page":"240","article-title":"Dynamic therapeutic neuromuscular electrical stimulation for pressure relief","volume":"83","author":"Bogie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib72","unstructured":"Mushahwar VK, Isaacson G, Ahmetovic A, et\u00a0al. Apparatus and method for electrically stimulating pressure-loaded muscles. WIPO application WO 2013\/113099 A1, January 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52011-9","article-title":"Control of urinary bladder function with devices: successes and failures","volume":"152","author":"Gaunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.4.358","article-title":"An implant to empty the bladder or close the urethra","volume":"40","author":"Brindley","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25912","article-title":"Economic consequences of an implanted neuroprosthesis for bladder and bowel management","volume":"82","author":"Creasey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.65","article-title":"Patient preferences for next generation neural prostheses to restore bladder function","volume":"49","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-012-0273-x","article-title":"Dorsal genital nerve stimulation in patients with detrusor overactivity: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Farag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.141","article-title":"The effect of semiconditional dorsal penile nerve electrical stimulation on capacity and compliance of the bladder with deformity in spinal cord injury patients: a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20897","article-title":"New strategies of pelvic nerves stimulation for recovery of pelvic visceral functions and locomotion in paraplegics","volume":"29","author":"Possover","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101278","article-title":"Neuromodulation through sacral nerve roots 2 to 4 with a Finetech-Brindley sacral posterior and anterior root stimulator","volume":"40","author":"Kirkham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib81","first-page":"737","article-title":"Multiple pudendal sensory pathways reflexly modulate bladder and urethral activity in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"185","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22276","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of sacral dermatomes can suppress aberrant urethral reflexes in felines with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"32","author":"McCoin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.21075","article-title":"High frequency sacral root nerve block allows bladder voiding","volume":"31","author":"Boger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/86.623015","article-title":"Proposed Specifications for a Lumbar Spinal Cord Electrode Array for Control of Lower Extremities in Paraplegia","volume":"5","author":"Mushahwar","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/86.830944","article-title":"Selective Activation of Muscles in the Feline Hindlimb through Electrical Microstimulation of the Ventral Lumbo-Sacral Spinal Cord","volume":"8","author":"Mushahwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/86.830945","article-title":"Muscle Recruitment through Electrical Stimulation of the Lumbo-sacral Spinal Cord","volume":"8","author":"Mushahwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7381","article-title":"Spinal Cord Microstimulation Generates Functional Movements in Chronically Implanted Cats","volume":"163","author":"Mushahwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0099b.x","article-title":"Neural Prostheses: Pros and Cons","volume":"533","author":"Prochazka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09096.x","article-title":"Selective Activation and Graded Recruitment of Functional Muscle Groups through Spinal Cord Stimulation","volume":"860","author":"Mushahwar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.094516","article-title":"Intraspinal Microstimulation Preferentially Recruits Fatigue-Resistant Muscle Fibres and Generates Gradual Force in Rat","volume":"569.3","author":"Bamford","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.051","article-title":"The Effects of Intraspinal Microstimulation on Spinal Cord Tissue in the Rat","volume":"31","author":"Bamford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.897030","article-title":"Open- and Closed-loop Control Strategies for Restoring Standing using Intramuscular and Intraspinal Stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Lau","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2004.837754","article-title":"Intraspinal Microstimulation Generates Functional Limb Movements after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Saigal","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib94","first-page":"5798","article-title":"Restoring stepping after spinal cord injury using intraspinal microstimulation and novel control strategies","volume":"2011","author":"Holinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/2\/026003","article-title":"Feedforward and Feedback Control for Over-ground Locomotion in Anesthetized Cats","volume":"9","author":"Mazurek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01177.2006","article-title":"A Physiologically-based Controller for Generating Overground Locomotion using Functional Electrical Stimulation","volume":"97","author":"Guevremont","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"70","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib97","first-page":"e4371","article-title":"Surgical technique for spinal cord delivery of therapies: demonstration of procedure in gottingen minipigs","author":"Federici","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31825ca05f","article-title":"Intraspinal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase I safety trial, technical note, and lumbar safety outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Riley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965114000485?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965114000485?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:36:01Z","timestamp":1760931361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965114000485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965114000485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Functional Electrical Stimulation and Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}