{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:12:54Z","timestamp":1792804374403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,3]],"date-time":"2014-12-03T02:05:16Z","timestamp":1417572316000},"page":"109-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loren","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52137-8.00008-5","article-title":"Spinal cord injuries in children and adolescents","volume":"109","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.178","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications","volume":"50","author":"Devivo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib3","first-page":"206","article-title":"Acute spinal-cord lesions in a pediatric population: epidemiological and clinical features","volume":"18","author":"Kewalramani","year":"1980","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753778","article-title":"Epidemiology of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"DeVivo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101987","article-title":"The international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury: reliability of data when applied to children and youths","volume":"45","author":"Mulcahey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753964","article-title":"Lapbelt injuries and the seatbelt syndrome in pediatric spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Achildi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200604000-00005","article-title":"Nontraumatic upper cervical spine instability in children","volume":"14","author":"Wills","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199409000-00007","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children","volume":"35","author":"Grabb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib9","series-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA) in Children","first-page":"139","article-title":"The child with a spinal cord injury","author":"Dachling Pang","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80356-3","article-title":"Birth injuries of the spinal cord","volume":"56","author":"Leventhal","year":"1960","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e89","article-title":"Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood","volume":"111","author":"Sanger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib12","series-title":"Spinal Cor Medicine","first-page":"265","article-title":"Spinal cord medicine","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib13","first-page":"614","article-title":"Management of spasticity in spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Merritt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh JTC, Wolfe DL, Connolly S, et\u00a0al., Spasticity After Spinal Cord Injury: An Evidence-Based Review of Current Interventions. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 13(1). Summer 2007. p. 81\u201397.","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-81"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01236.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of passive stretching in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"48","author":"Pin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508090067","article-title":"Effects of stretching and heat treatment on hamstring extensibility in children with severe mental retardation and hypertonia","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib17","first-page":"319","article-title":"Efficacy of cold therapy on spasticity and hand function in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"2","author":"Abd El-Maksouda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Advanced Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31815b6381","article-title":"Selective blocking of the anterior branch of the obturator nerve in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"88","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968304270002","article-title":"The use of hydrotherapy for the management of spasticity","volume":"18","author":"Kesiktas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib20","first-page":"22","article-title":"Cerebral palsy: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity","volume":"33","author":"Kopec","year":"2008","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2010.10.009","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children","volume":"17","author":"Tilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/13638490410001731180","article-title":"Bedtime diazepam enhances well-being in children with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"8","author":"Mathew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6+<92::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Traditional pharmacological treatments for spasticity. Part II: general and regional treatments","volume":"6","author":"Gracies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00054-5","article-title":"Recommendations for the use of botulinum toxin type A in the management of cerebral palsy","volume":"11","author":"Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1062","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type a neuromuscular blockade in the treatment of equinus foot deformity in cerebral palsy: a multicenter, open-label clinical trial","volume":"108","author":"Koman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0596","article-title":"Effect of intrathecal baclofen, botulinum toxin type A and a rehabilitation programme on locomotor function after spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"42","author":"Santamato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00331.x","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial comparing botulinum toxin A dosage in the upper extremity of children with spasticity","volume":"49","author":"Kawamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cbcd2f","volume":"74","author":"Delgado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib29","first-page":"808","article-title":"Peripheral nerve block with phenol to treat spasticity in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"30","author":"Gunduz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02752218","article-title":"Phenol block in the management of spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"61","author":"Yadav","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31817c115b","article-title":"Safety profile of multilevel chemical denervation procedures using phenol or botulinum toxin or both in a pediatric population","volume":"87","author":"Kolaski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.09.032","article-title":"Combining botulinum toxin and phenol to manage spasticity in children","volume":"85","author":"Gooch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309343213","article-title":"Management of spasticity after spinal cord injury: current techniques and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Elbasiouny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0397-3","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen for childhood hypertonia","volume":"23","author":"Albright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2009.05.002","article-title":"Consensus on the appropriate use of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy in paediatric spasticity","volume":"14","author":"Dan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib36","first-page":"291","article-title":"Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy for severe spasticity of cerebral origin","volume":"98","author":"Albright","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318183d591","article-title":"The impact of intrathecal baclofen on the natural history of scoliosis in cerebral palsy","volume":"28","author":"Shilt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181557252","article-title":"The risk of progression of scoliosis in cerebral palsy patients after intrathecal baclofen therapy","volume":"32","author":"Senaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753786","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of autonomic dysreflexia in children with spinal cord injuries","volume":"27","author":"Hickey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00843758","article-title":"Thermoregulatory stress during rest and exercise in heat in patients with a spinal cord injury","volume":"64","author":"Petrofsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/0888439003251751","article-title":"Respiratory management of pediatric patients with spinal cord injuries: retrospective review of the duPont experience","volume":"17","author":"Padman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753965","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing stimulation system for tetraplegia in individuals injured during childhood or adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Onders","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753780","article-title":"Bladder and bowel management for the child with spinal cord dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Merenda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib44","first-page":"458","article-title":"Clean, intermittent self-catheterization in the treatment of urinary tract disease","volume":"107","author":"Lapides","year":"1972","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15102.x","article-title":"Clean intermittent catheterization","volume":"38","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06977.x","article-title":"Repeated botulinum-A toxin injections in the treatment of myelodysplastic children and patients with spinal cord injuries with neurogenic bladder dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Akbar","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753968","article-title":"Outcomes of urinary diversion in children with spinal cord injuries","volume":"30","author":"Merenda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib48","first-page":"297","article-title":"Trans-appendicular continent cystostomy in the management of the neurogenic bladder","volume":"21","author":"Mitrofanoff","year":"1980","journal-title":"Chir Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753447","article-title":"Continent urinary diversion: 10-year experience of Shriners Hospitals for Children in Chicago","volume":"27","author":"Chulamorkodt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.1990.tb01502.x","article-title":"Bowel continence for the child with a neurogenic bowel","volume":"15","author":"Gleeson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1998.11719541","article-title":"Bowel management in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Goetz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102167","article-title":"Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study","volume":"46","author":"Del Popolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"8725","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92834-5","article-title":"Preliminary report: the antegrade continence enema","volume":"336","author":"Malone","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib54","first-page":"1689","article-title":"In situ Malone antegrade continence enema in 127 patients: a 6-year experience","volume":"172","author":"Herndon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib55","first-page":"443","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in children with spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Tori","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.990","article-title":"Bisphosphonates for treatment of childhood hypercalcemia","volume":"102","author":"Lteif","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib57","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pressure ulcers in pediatric spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Kathryn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Topics Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-200409000-00004","article-title":"Unique issues in pediatric spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Vogel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Orthop Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.07.286","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism after spinal cord injury: incidence, time course, and associated risk factors in 16,240 adults and children","volume":"86","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11753682","article-title":"Spinal cord injuries in children and adolescents: a review","volume":"26","author":"Vogel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199003000-00016","article-title":"Scoliosis in pediatric spinal cord-injured patients","volume":"10","author":"Dearolf","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753448","article-title":"Effect of bracing on paralytic scoliosis secondary to spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Mehta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11754598","article-title":"Impact of prophylactic thoracolumbosacral orthosis bracing on functional activities and activities of daily living in the pediatric spinal cord injury population","volume":"30","author":"Chafetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753423","article-title":"Incidence and degree of hip subluxation\/dislocation in children with spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"McCarthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199009000-00002","article-title":"Hip instability in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"10","author":"Rink","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2005.09.004","article-title":"Hip disorders in children who have spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"McCarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"263","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199102000-00003","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical perspective on common forms of acquired heterotopic ossification","author":"Garland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"245","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198908000-00046","article-title":"Spinal cord insults and heterotopic ossification in the pediatric population","author":"Garland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1996.11719441","article-title":"Characterization of the bone mineral density of children with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Moynahan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib70","first-page":"431","article-title":"Motor recovery of the upper extremities in traumatic quadriplegia: a multicenter study","volume":"73","author":"Ditunno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib71","series-title":"Chapman's orthopaedic surgery","author":"Michelle","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.84392","article-title":"Nerve transfers in tetraplegia I: background and technique","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.10.001","article-title":"Nerve transfer strategies for spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"Senjaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.5.6","article-title":"Nerve transfers for severe brachial plexus injuries: a review","volume":"16","author":"Midha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00028-8","article-title":"Tendon transfers as applied to tetraplegia","volume":"18","author":"Revol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90281-F","article-title":"Recovery potential of muscle after partial denervation: a comparison between rats and humans","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195436030-00019","article-title":"Transposition of the biceps brachii for triceps weakness","volume":"36A","author":"Friedenberg","year":"1954","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"195","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198505000-00011","article-title":"Reconstruction of the thumb in tetraplegia following spinal cord injury","author":"House","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(85)80168-4","article-title":"Postoperative results of opponensplasty and flexor tendon transfer in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"10","author":"Kelly","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199507000-00021","article-title":"Latex allergy in children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries","volume":"15","author":"Vogel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.32742","article-title":"Employment outcomes of adults who sustained spinal cord injuries as children or adolescents","volume":"83","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753509","article-title":"Long-term outcome of children with high tetraplegia and ventilator dependence","volume":"27","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v6.i2.120","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injuries: a review","volume":"6","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002","article-title":"From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury","volume":"114","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.02.003","article-title":"Brain machine interface and limb reanimation technologies: restoring function after spinal cord injury through development of a bypass system","volume":"89","author":"Lobel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965114000990?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965114000990?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:36:56Z","timestamp":1760931416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965114000990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965114000990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}