{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:17:38Z","timestamp":1791667058804,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T19:16:36Z","timestamp":1584126996000},"page":"245-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Muscle Relaxants for Acute and Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Wilson J.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib1","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Centrally acting oral skeletal muscle relaxants","volume":"37","author":"Elenbaas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(94)90199-6","article-title":"Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants and associated drugs","volume":"7","author":"Waldman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(05)70280-3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drugs and myorelaxants. Pharmacology and clinical use in musculoskeletal disease","volume":"23","author":"Balano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib4","first-page":"1779","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute low back pain","volume":"61","author":"Patel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02735-8","article-title":"Tricyclic analogs cyclobenzaprine, amitriptyline and cyproheptadine inhibit the spinal reflex transmission through 5-HT2 receptors","volume":"458","author":"Honda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198902000-00001","article-title":"The myth of skeletal muscle spasm","volume":"68","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0054-6","article-title":"The neurophysiology of myofascial pain syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Rivner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib10","first-page":"427","article-title":"Considerations for the appropriate use of skeletal muscle relaxants for the management of acute low back pain","volume":"39","author":"Witenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"P\u00a0T"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib11","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Skeletal muscle relaxants and analgesic balms","volume":"5","author":"Chaghtai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bonica\u2019s Management of Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0review of skeletal muscle relaxants for pain management","volume":"16","author":"Fudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pract Pain Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib13","first-page":"653","article-title":"Trigger points: diagnosis and management","volume":"65","author":"Alvarex","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2003.09.018","article-title":"Review of enigmatic MTrPs as a common cause of enigmatic musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Simons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib15","first-page":"677","article-title":"A\u00a0second look at a skeletal muscle relaxant: double-blind study of metaxalone","volume":"6","author":"Fathie","year":"1964","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib17","first-page":"525","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled study of methocarbamol and acute painful musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"17","author":"Tisdale","year":"1975","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib19","series-title":"Physicians\u2019 desk reference","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v18n02_05","article-title":"Carisoprodol: abuse potential and physician unawareness","volume":"18","author":"Reeves","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199904000-00032","article-title":"Use of carisoprodol by substance abusers to modify the effects of illicit drugs","volume":"92","author":"Reeves","year":"1999","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib22","article-title":"muscle relaxants for nonspecific low back pain","author":"Van Tulder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochran Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib23","series-title":"Flexeril [package insert]","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)80067-X","article-title":"Efficacy of low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride and acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of 2 placebo-controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Borenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.13.1613","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine and back pain. A meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Browning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib26","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine for the treatment of myofascial pain in adults","author":"Leite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000247699.81580.eb","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome from the interaction of cyclobenzaprine with other serotonergic drugs","volume":"103","author":"Keegan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib29","series-title":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation board review","first-page":"813","author":"Cuccurullo","year":"2009"},{"issue":"11 supplemental 9","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib30","first-page":"S6","article-title":"Tizanidine: neuropharmacology and mechanism of action. Tizanidine: neuropharmacology and mechanism of action","volume":"44","author":"Coward","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/104990910001700111","article-title":"Tizanidine in the management of spasticity and musculoskeletal complaints in the palliative care population. Tizanidine in the management of spasticity and musculoskeletal complaints in the palliative care population","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/422","article-title":"Tizanidine is effective in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Malanga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib33","first-page":"83","article-title":"Tizanidine and ibuprofen in acute low back pain: results of a double-blind randomnized study in general practice","volume":"16","author":"Berry","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(98)85019-4","article-title":"Efficacy and gastroprotective effects of tizanidine plus diclofenac versus placebo plus diclofenac in patients with painful muscle spasms","volume":"59","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Therap Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib35","first-page":"451","article-title":"Orphenadrine citrate: sedative or muscle relaxant?","volume":"1","author":"Gold","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00014","article-title":"Skeletal muscle relaxant use in the United States: date from the third National health and Nutrition examination surgery (NHANES III)","volume":"29","author":"Dillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib37","first-page":"75","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized placebo controlled study in general practice to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tizanidine acute low back pain","volume":"16","author":"Berry","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Med Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib38","first-page":"646","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind study of cyclobenzaprine and placebo in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal condition of the low back","volume":"32","author":"Barrata","year":"1982","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006","article-title":"Clinical efficacy assessment subcommittee of the American College of Physicians, American Pain Society low back pain guidelines panel. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"147","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.05.002","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Chou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005_bib41","series-title":"Uses and misuses of medication in the treatment of chronic pain. Chronic pain, problems in Anesthesia","author":"Hare","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104796512030005X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104796512030005X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:40:53Z","timestamp":1760931653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S104796512030005X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S104796512030005X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Muscle Relaxants for Acute and Chronic Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}