{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:26:58Z","timestamp":1772015218317,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T08:50:09Z","timestamp":1584089409000},"page":"195-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07532.x","article-title":"Agonist and antagonist properties of buprenorphine, a new antinociceptive agent","volume":"60","author":"Cowan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770280111012","article-title":"Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine: a potential agent for treating narcotic addiction","volume":"35","author":"Jasinki","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3727\/000000004783992927","article-title":"G-protein coupling and efficacy of \u03bc-opioid agonists: relationship to behavioral efficacy","volume":"8","author":"Traynor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.035","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance and mu-opioid receptor availability in the treatment of opioid use disorder: implications for clinical use and policy","volume":"0","author":"Greenwald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31815ca2b4","article-title":"Buprenorphine: new tricks with an old molecule for pain management","volume":"24","author":"Heit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib6","first-page":"859","article-title":"Buprenorphine - an attractive opioid with underutilized potential in treatment of chronic pain","volume":"8","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29586-0","article-title":"Comparison of pharmacological activities of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine: norbuprenorphine is a potent opioid agonist","volume":"297","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.03.018","article-title":"Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with buprenorphine and morphine alone and in combination during the first 12 postoperative hours: a randomized, double-blind, four-arm trial in adults undergoing abdominal surgery","volume":"31","author":"Oifa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003477","article-title":"Opioid use disorders: perioperative management of a special population","volume":"127","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael051","article-title":"Buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia","volume":"96","author":"Dahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200607000-00012","article-title":"Naloxone reversal of of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression","volume":"105","author":"Van Dorp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00209.x","article-title":"Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine","volume":"157","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216306pm1126oa","article-title":"Opioid-induced respiratory effects: new data on buprenorphine","volume":"20","author":"Dahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200002000-00029","article-title":"Long-lasting hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl in rats: preventative effect of ketamine","volume":"92","author":"Celerier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200203000-00032","article-title":"A\u00a0qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief","volume":"96","author":"Moiniche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200108000-00022","article-title":"A\u00a0new model of electrically evoked pain and hyperalgesia in human skin","volume":"95","author":"Koppert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182557917","article-title":"Local anesthetic-like inhibition of voltage-gated Na(+) channels by the partial mu opioid receptor agonist buprenorphine","volume":"116","author":"Leffler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7074","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-18-07074.2000","article-title":"Dynorphin promotes abnormal pain and spinal opioid antinociceptive tolerance","volume":"20","author":"Vanderrah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2011.10.006","article-title":"Targerting dynorphin\/kappa opioid receptor systems to treat alcohol abuse and dependence","volume":"46","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"issue":"456","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar3483","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar3483","article-title":"A\u00a0bifunctional nociceptin and mu opioid receptor agonist is analgesic without opioid side effects in nonhuman primates","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216306pm1124oa","article-title":"Opioids and the immune system","volume":"20","author":"Sacerdote","year":"2006","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00824.x","article-title":"Hypogonadism in men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment","volume":"32","author":"Hallinan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2741\/2147","article-title":"Buprenorphine in long-term control of chronic pain in cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Pace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14105","article-title":"Opioid-induced inhibition of the human 5-HT and noradrenaline transporters in\u00a0vitro: link to clinical reports of serotonin syndrome","volume":"175","author":"Rickli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.06.012","article-title":"Long-term management of chronic pain with transdermal buprenorphine: a multi-center, open-label, follow-up study in patients from three short-term clinical trials","volume":"28","author":"Likar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.09.011","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 289 patients with severe cancer pain","volume":"36","author":"Poulain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X53315","article-title":"Transdermal buprenorphine in clinical practice: a post-marketing surveillance study in 13,179 patients","volume":"21","author":"Greissinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib28","series-title":"Butrans full prescribing information","author":"Purdue Pharma","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib29","series-title":"Prolongation of the QT interval in palliative care. Palliative care formulary","author":"Twycross","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.001","article-title":"Buprenorphine","volume":"45","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib31","series-title":"Belbuca full prescribing information","author":"Endo Pharmaceuticals","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib32","first-page":"3299","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the unique opioid buprenorphine for the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"12","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib33","series-title":"HHS guide for clinicians on the appropriate dosage reduction or discontinuation of long-term opioid analgesics","author":"Dowell","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12196","article-title":"The clinical analgesic efficacy of buprenorphine","volume":"39","author":"Raffa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12386","article-title":"Sublingual buprenorphine as an analgesic in chronic pain: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Cote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.6.369","article-title":"Human pharmacokinetics of intravenous, sublingual, and buccal buprenorphine","volume":"20","author":"Kuhlman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib37","series-title":"Inc. Zubsolv full prescribing information","author":"Orexo","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib38","first-page":"122","article-title":"Efficacy of buprenorphine\/naloxone rapidly dissolving sublingual tablets (BNX-RDT) after switching from BNX sublingual film","volume":"10","author":"Gunderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1381663","article-title":"The conundrum of opioid tapering in long-term opioid therapy for chroniuc pain: a commentary","volume":"39","author":"Manhapra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159043359477","article-title":"Buprenorphine: a unique drug with complex pharmacology","volume":"2","author":"Lufty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318298ddad","article-title":"Sublingual buprenorphine for chronic pain: a survey of clinician prescribing practices","volume":"30","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00057-7","article-title":"Clinical and pharmacological evaluation of buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: why the 4:1 ratio for treatment?","volume":"70","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"}],"container-title":["Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965120300085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1047965120300085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T03:40:39Z","timestamp":1760931639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1047965120300085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047965120300085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9651","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Chronic Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.02.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}